
Qass. 
Book 



iijk 



■ \ \l ^ ? .i 




'^I^ 

^ 



TRINIDAD 



AXD THE OTHi 



WEST INDIA ISLANDS 



COLONIES, 






I SECOND EDITIOX, 



TEINIDAD : 
THE •^CHRONICLE' PUBLISHING OFFICE. 



i 



1866. 

^^ „-_^S^, 



'^ // 




% 



TO 



PHILIP NOEL BERNARD, ESQ. 



Sib, 

I take leave to dedicate to you the following papers, which, what<- 
ever may be their value, are the result of much labour ; and in dedicating 
them to you, I feel that I am only performing a duty in placing my bantling 
at your disposal, for the reason that to you particularly, who are so deeply in- 
terested in the progress of the island and its development, and to whom Trini- 
dad owes much, and to others who may worthily follow in your footsteps, the 
details therein contained will possess some value. For my part, I can only 
claim to have performed the work correctly — perhaps the most important ele- 
ment in a book of this nature. I hope that it may prove useful ; I am sure 
that my chief intention has been to make it so. 

I am, Sir, 

Yours faithfully, 

DANIEL HAET. 

Port of Spain, Trinidad. 



POET-OF-SPAIN, 6th July, 1864, 



My Deah Sir, 



1 am in receipt of your note of yesterday, informing me of your desire to 
dedicate a Work you have written on this Island to me. I am flattered by 
this mark of your esteem, and willingly accept the honor you do me. If I 
have been at some pains in directing the attention of people at home to the re- 
sources of this Colony, and if I have endeavoured by word, as well as by ex- 
ample, to break through the old routines to which we Trinidadians are so 
wedded, it is a source of much gratification to me to find that my exertions 
have been appreciated by one who has always taken such an interest in the 
welfare and progress of Trinidad as you have done. 

The present time I think most favourable for bringing forward any thing on 
the West Indies, and I have no doubt that your work will be well received, 
both here and in England. Wishing it every success, I remain, 

-My dear Sir, 

Yours faithfully, 

P. N, BEENAED, 
Daniel Hart, Esq-. 




^fy)/rr].itC 



l^^l^*xji^.i$(^^ 






50 




TRINIDAD 



AND THE OTHER 



WEST INDIA ISLANDS 



AND 



COLONIES. 



BY 



D^VISTIEL H^RT. 



SECOND EDITION. 



TEINIDAD : 
THE '' CHRONICLE" PUBLISHING OFFICE. 

1866. 




-Ov '■-u:.»^^./f4C6.ti^''^''^'^^' 



i,2'^f.ici^y' 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW 



OF 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



Trinidad is an island lying to the eastward of th.e continent of Venezuela, 
between N. lat. 10° 3' and 10° 50' W. ; long. 61° and 62° 4' Yv^. of 
Greenwich. Its length is about 54 miles, its breadth from 40 to 44 miles. 
It is separated from the continent of Venezuela by the Gulf of Paria, 
into which fall the northern mouths of the Orinoco. In form it is com- 
pared by the Spaniards to an ox hide ; but by a recent Map, constructed 
from correct observations made by M. de Humbolt and M. Churucca, it appears 
rather to resemble a square, with a semicircular piece cut out of its western 
side, so as to make on that side an irregular crescent, one form of vrhich h 
tm-ned towards the Orinoco, and the other to the peninsvaar extremity of the 
province of Cumana. Circumscribed by the main land and island. Lies the 
Gulf of Paria, which affords to vessels of every demensions a secui'e sheltei 
and an excellent anchorage. The channel between the Orinoco and Trmidac 
is called the Serpent's mouth ; that between Trinidad and Cape Paria m Cu 
mana, is interspersed with islands, and bears the name of the Dragon's mouth 
which was given to it by Coliunbus. Trinidad was first discovered by Christo 
pher Columbus in his third vcyage, on the 31st July, 1498, and first colonizei' 
in 1588 by the Spaniards ; it was taken by Sir W.Raleigh in 1595. In 1676 th 
French possessed it, but it was soon restored to Spain. " On the 12th Feb 
ruary, 1797, an expedition for the reduction of Trinidad sailed from Marti 
nique ; on the 14th it put into Cariacou, and sailed on the following mornin; . 
with some additional transports. The naval command of this expeditic- 



10 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL YIETT OF 



jva? intrusted to Rear-Adniii-al Heniy Harvey; tlie troops were commanded 
r Sii' Ralph Abercrombie. The ships and regiments engaged in the under- 
ing- were as follows : — 



The Prince of Wales 




Admiral Harvey 


... 


' 98 guns. 


„ Bellona 




Captain 


Wilson 


74 


)» 


„ Vengeance 




»> 


T. M. Russell 


74 


a 


„ Invincible 




» 


W. Cayley ... 


74 


» 


„ Alfred 




j» 


T. Totty 


74 


»> 


„ Dictator 








64 


» 


„ Scipio 




jj 


C. S. Davers... 


64 


s> 


„ Jurett Castle (armed East 


Indiaman) 


58 


>J 


„ Ulysses (armed Transport) 


, Lt. G. 


Lempriere 


44 


„ 


„ Alarm 


... 


Captain 


E. Fellows ... 


32 


}f 


„ Anna 


... 




... 


20 


„ 


„ Thorn 


... 


)> 


J. Hampstead 


16 


,, 


„ Favourite 


... 


J) 


J. A. Wood ... 


16 


■» 


„ Zebra 




jj 


... 


20 


5> 


„ Zephyr 


... 


5J 


R, Laurie 


14 


>» 


„ Arethusa 


... 


>J 


J. Woolley .. 


88 


5> 


„ Pelican 


... 




... 


12 


J5 


„ La Victorine ... 


... 




E. S. Dickson 


16 


3> 


„ Bittern 




)i 


T. Lavie 


16 


„ 


„ Terror (bomb.) 


... 


„ 


T.Wisbeach... 


8 


J> 




LAND FORCES. 






2nd or Queen's Regiment 







700 


men. 


3rd or Buffs ... 


... 


... 


... 




650 


5> 


14th Foot 




... 


... 




650 


» 


88th „ 


»• • 


... 


... 




730 


»» 


53rd „ 


... 


... 


... 




680 




60th „ 


... 





... 




640 


>J 


Royal Artillery 




... 


... 




500 


»» 


Hornpesch's Regiment of German Yagers ... 




1,000 


» 


Loewenstein's „ 




»J > 


... 




500 


» 


Artificers, &c. 


... 





... 




700 


5> 



6,750 

" To this armament the Spanish Governor, Don Jose Maria de Chacon, had 
ii) oppose, four fine line-of-battlc ships, manned by 1,600 seamen and marines, 

part of whom were then convalescent from yellow fever ; the land forces were 
i jss than 500 men. On the morning of the IGth February the alarm reached 
^ )wn that the English fleet had arrived. Li the night the Spanish Admiral 
' podaca called a council of war, composed of his captains, who agreed 
r.^at the Spanish ships could not be defended nor could they escape, and it 
was therefore resolved to burn the ships rather than allow them to fall into 

c hands of the enemy. They were the St. Viciute, 84 gunsj the 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 11 

Gallardo, 74 guns; the Arrogante, 74 guns; the ^Santa Cicilia, 36 guns; 
and the San Damasco, 74 guns. The ships humt briskly towards the morning, 
all but the San Damasco, which being to windward of the rest, the fire took 
little hold of it ; the flames were extinguished by several boats' crews of the 
Invincible and Bellona ; she was therefore captured, without having being 
materially damaged. It may be well to mention that the burning of these 
ships took place at the east end of the Island of Gasparillo, where they were 
at anchor. The little fort on this island was taken possession of on the 
morning of the 17th of February, the troops being at the same time landed 
on the Peru Estate, the property of an Irish gentleman, S. Devenish, Esq., 
the distance being about a mile and a half from Puerto de Espaiia. The diaims 
beat, and the Spanish troops were mustered. A detachment of Spaniards, 
under the command of Cai)taui Tornos, was sent to prevent the English from 
landing, but found themselves unable to cope with the overwhelming force of 
the British ; they consequently retreated as fast as they could to town. Some 
British guns were planted on the hills above the town, which rendered resis- 
tance of no avail. Governor Chacon then sent his aid-de-camp with a flag of 
truce. Suspension of hostilities was agreed on, and the next day a long con- 
ference took place between Abercrombie, Harvey, Chacon, and Apodaca. 
The conference was carried on in English by the means of an interpreter, Don 
Diego Meany. It ended in the sm-render of the island to his INIajesty's arms ; 
and on the 18th February, 1797, the articles of capitulation were signed by 
Abercrombie, Harvey, and Chacon. On that day the Spanish troops laid 
down their arms, and the Island of Trinidad, after having been a nominal 
Spanish possession for nearly three centmies, and a real Spanish colony a 
j)art of the time, beheld the British standard hoisted on her forts. Don J. 
]M. de Chacon left the island a few days after the capitulation. He and 
Admiral Apodaca were on their arrival in Spain placed under close arrest, and 
on the 28th May, 1797, were tried by a coiui;-martial, called in Spain a 
Council of War. The cornet was composed of president, the Count Cambre 
Hermosa, Governor of Cadiz, Vice-Admiral the Marquis de Arellanos, Vice- 
Admii-al Don V. Morahs, Lieutenant-General T. Arias Saavedra, ]Major-General 
F. Solano, Major-GeneralF. Taboada, and Eear-x\dmiral Pedro Austran. The 
prosecutors were Brigadier of the Royal Na^y, Don J. S. Valdeuebro, and Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Don F. de la Torre. The accused were honoui'ably acquitted. 
Abercrombie, after making the best arrangements tha.t the confused state of 
the colony allowed, departed two months after, lea^sing his aide-de-camp, 
Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Picton, as Governor, whose first act was to insti- 
tute a Council, consisting of Don Christoval de Robles, a Spanish Creole, John 
Nihell, John Black, and John Nugent, Esqrs. (Irishmen), and St. Helaire 
Begorrat, Esq., a French Creole of Martinique, who formed a council of advice, 
not of control. On the 27th I\Iarch, 1802, the definitive Treaty of Peace 
between England and France and her allies, viz., Spain and the Batavian 
Republic, was signed at Amiens. • By the thii'd article all places taken dui'ing 



12 HISTOEICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

the war by Great Britain were to be restored, save Trinidad and Ceylon ; and 
in the fourth article his Catholic Majesty cedes and g-iiarantees in full property 
and sovereignty the Island of Trinidad to his Britannic Majesty." 

AETICLES OF CAPITULATION. 

Articles of Capitulation for the surrender of the Island of Trinidad between 
His Excellency Sir Ralph Abercrombie, K.B., Commander-in-Chief of His 
Britannic Majesty's Land Forces ; Henry Harvey, Esq., Rear- Admiral of the 
Red, and Commander-in-Chief of His Britannic Majesty's ships and vessels of 
war, and His Excellency Don Jose Maria Chacon, Knight of the Order of 
Calatrava, Brigadier of the Royal Navy, Governor and Commander-in-Chief 
of the Island of Trinidad and its dependencies, Inspector-General of the Troops 
of its Garrison, &c., &c., &c. 

Article 1. — The Officers and Troops of His Catholic Majesty and his allies in \ 

the Island of Trinidad, are to surrender themselves prisoners of war, and 
are to deliver up the territory, forts, buildings, arms, ammunition, money, 
effects, plans and stores with exact inventories thereof belonging to His 
Catholic Majesty ; and they are thereby transferred to His Britannic Majesty 
in the same manner and possession as has been held heretofore by His said 
Catholic Majesty. 

2. — The Troops of His Catholic Majesty are to march out with the honors of 
war, and to lay down their arms at the distance of 300 paces from the Forts 
they occupy, at five o'clock this evening the 18th February. 

3. — All the Officers and Troops aforesaid of His Catholic Majesty are allowed 
to keep their private effects, and the Officers are allowed to wear their 
swords. , 

4. — Admiral Don Sebastian Ruiz de Apodaca being on shore in the island, and 
having burnt and abandoned his ships, he, with the officers and men be- 
longing to the squadron under his command are included in this Capitula- 
tion, u.nder the same terms as are granted to His Catholic Majesty's Troops^ 

5 — As soon as ships can be conveniently provided for the purpose, the pri- 
soners are to be conveyed to Old Spain ; they remaining prisoners of war 
until exchanged by Cartel betvv^een the two nations, or until peace, it being 
clearly understood that they shall not serve against Great Britain or her 
allies until exchanged. ^ 

6. — There being some officers among His Catholic Majesty's Troops, whose \ 

private affairs require their presence at different places of the continent of 
America : such officers are permitted to go upon their parole to the said 
places for six months, more or less, after which period they are to return to 
Europe ; but as the number receiving this indulgence must be limited. His 
Excellency Don Chacon will previously deliver to the British Commanders 
a list of tlicir names, rank, and places which they arc going to. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 13 

7. The Officers of the Royal Administration, upon the delivery of stores with 

which they are charged to such Officers as may be appointed by the British 
Commanders, will receive receipts, according to the custom in like cases, 
from the Officers so appointed to receive the stores. 

8. — All private property of the inhabitants, as well Spaniards, as such as may 
have been naturalized, is preserved to them. 

9. — All public records are to be preserved in such Courts or Offices as they are 
now in, and all contracts and purchases between individuals, which have 
been done according to the Laws of Spain are to be held binding and valid 
by the British Government. 

10. — The Spanish Officers of Administration who are possessed of landed pro- 
perty in Trinidad are allowed to remain in the island, they taking the Oaths 
of Allegiance to His Britannic Majesty, and they are further allowed, should 
they please to sell or dispose of their property, and to retire elsewhere. 

11. — The free exercise of their religion is allowed to the inhabitants. 

12. — The free coloured people who have been acknowledged as such by the 
Laws of Spain shall be protected m their liberty, persons and property like 
other inhabitants, they taking the Oath of Allegiance, and demeaning 
themselves as becomes good and peaceable subjects of His Britannic Majesty. 

13. — The Sailors and Soldiers of His Catholic Majesty are, from the time of 
their laying down their arms, to be fed by the British Government, leaving 
the expense to be regulated by the Cartel between the two nations. 

14. — The sick of the Spanish Troops will be taken care of, but to be attended 
and to be under the inspection of their own Surgeons. 

15. — All the Inhabitants of Trinidad shall, within thirty days from the date 
hereof, take the Oath of Allegiance to His Britannic Majesty to demean 
themselves quietly and faithfully to His Government, upon pain, in case of 
non compliance, of being sent away from the island. 

Done at Port d'Espagne, in the Island of Trinidad, the 18th day of 
February, 1797. 

RALPH ABERCROMBIE. 

HENRY HARVEY. 

JOSEPH MARIA CHACON. 
The climate of Trinidad is, generally speaking, very healthy; the tem- 
perature ranges in the shade from 71 minimun to 84 maximum. The thermo- 
meter in the months of December and January at four o'clock a.m. has been 
known as low as 68. The rainy season generally commences about the middle 
of June and ends in December. The yearly average fall of rain is 77 inches — 
that is, according to the rain gauge kept in Port of Spain. The fall is heavier 
in some parts of the island, where the exact average however cannot be 
ascertained, from an account not being kept by the residents. The island 
is totally free from hurricanes. Its area is 1,754^ square miles. Port-of- 
Spain is the chief town and port of entry j it is situate about 16 miles ea,st of 



14 HISTOniCAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

the entrance to the gulf by the Grand Bocas, and lies in latitude 10° 39' N., 
and longitude 61° 34' W. of Greenwich. It is by far the best laid-out town of 
any in the "West Indies. There are 55 streets, all at right angles, properly 
macadamized, and varying from three-quarters to one mile in len^Hh, and 
from 30 to 45 feet in width ; the principal coimnercial part of the town beino- 
St. Vincent-street Wharf and King-street. The Capital of the island when 
under the Spanish Government was for very many years St. Jose de Oruiia 
which now however is nothing but a kind of village consisting of about three 
hundred houses ; it is situated in a fertile and cultivated part of the island. 
The Capital and residence was however a few years previous to the capture of 
the island removed to Port-of-Spain and has since continued. On the night of 
the 24th of March 1808 this town, in point of size the second in the British 
West Indies, was laid nearly level with the ground by a dreadful conflagration 
■ — four hundred and thirty- five dwelling houses besides very many back stores 
and out offices, were entirely destroyed : not one of the Public Buildings was 
saved. By this tremendous calamity four thousand five hundred persons were 
left without homes and sustained a loss which was estimated a little short of 
a million sterling. Fortunally only two persons perished, one of whom was a 
Grenadier, who fell a victim to his humanity in rescuing an infant from the 
flames : he efiected his benevolent purpose, but was scorched in such a manner 
that he speedily expired. Since this event, the town has been rebuilt princi- 
pally with stone upon a regular plan, and its present magnitude and beauty 
stands mthout a rival in the West Indies. 

Port-of-Spain is abundantly supplied with the best water from the reser- 
voirs at Maraval and St. Ann's, four miles from Port-of-Spain ; the daily 
delivery from these reservoirs is estimated at 2,600,000 gallons. There are 
three beautiful squares in Port-of-Spain — Marine East, Marine West, and 
Brunswick-square, all of which v>'ere, with the town, laid out by Sir Ralph 
James Woodford, Bart. Brunswick-square is about 500 feet square, and planted 
with various descrix^tions of trees imported from St. Vincent, Caracas, and 
India. There is also the Queen's-park, which lies north of the town, the area 
of which is 219 square acres ; on it is a race-course of a circular form, and one 
mile and a half in distance ; there being also a race-stand capable of containing 
500 persons, with rooms for refreshments, the jockeys and stewards. The 
park is a perfect level, and its equal is hardly to be found anywhere. It is 
resorted to in the mornmg and evenings by pedestrians and equestrians, as it 
affords a very pleasant walk or ride. Outside the park is a circular road of 
two miles, which also forms a delightful drive or ride, and is much resorted 
to in the evenings. There are also the minor towns of St. John, St. Josei^h, 
and Arima, east of Port-of-Spain, and the town of San Fernando, which is 
next in importance to the capital, and lies 28 miles south from Port-of- 
Spain. The towns of Port-of-Spain and San Fernando are under the jm-is- 
diction of borough councils, the former consisting of fifteen elective members, 
the latter of nine members, one of whom being annually chosen as Mayor. The 



THE ISLAND OF TKINIDAD. 



15 



annual assessed amount of rents of houses in Port-of-Spain is £81,052 sterling, 
upon which an annual tax of five per cent, is raised. The total revenue of the 
Borough Council is £6,378 sterling, and that of San Fernando £2,166 sterling, 
which* amounts are expended in. cleaning, repairing, and making streets, 
maintenance and keep of poor-houses, schools, hospitals, vaccination, salaries 
of officers, markets, &c., &c. 

Tne harhour, or " Gulf of Paria," is the finest in the West Indies, heing 
completely landlocked, free from shoals, reefs, or sunken rocks ; it has a good 
anchorage, and is capahle of containing any numher of shipping. A light- 
house is erected on the Queen's Wharf, the light from which can be seen to 
the westward at a distance of ten miles. 

The population of the island, according to the Census of 1861, amounted 
to 84,438 — say, 46,074 males, and 38,364 females — of the following 
classification : — ... 



Trinidad 


... 46,936 1 


Foreign ... 


... 


4,801 


British Colonies 11,716 


China 


461 


United Kingdom 1,040 


India 


13,488 


Africa 6,035 


Non-described 


461 


And located as follows : — 




Port-of-Spain 18,980 


Diego Martin Ward Union ... 


5,674 


San Fernando 4,429 


Couva do. 


10,684 


St. Ann's Ward Union ... 6,716 


South Naparima do. 


8,290 


Tacarigua do 9,891 


North do. do. 


9,787 


Arima 4,011 


Cedros do. 


3,737 


Mayaro 1,032 


Moruga do. 


304 


Blanchisseuse 903 






The occupation of the population is as under : — 




Military 367 


Merchants ... 213 


Hucksters & Shop 


. 


Police 146 


Clerks 816 


keepers 


. 1,250 


Public Officers ... 76 


Planters 2,404 


Handicraft 


. 5,669 


Professionals ... 72 


Overseers 119 


Domes: ics 


2,449 


Clergy 48 


Hotel-keepers ... 10 


Boatmen, Sailors 


) 


Field Labourers ... 32,486 


Mechanics ... 4,283 


and Fishermen.. 


. 1,024 


Labourers,not field. 1,213 


Blind, deaf and 


Non-described 


. 32,477 


Teachers 115 


dumb .. 


... 201 







The Births, deaths, and marriages for the town of Port-of-Spain during the 
years 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, and 1863, were as follows :— 





BIETHS. 


DEATHS. 


MARRIAGES. 


Years. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 

542 

522 
524 
555 
550 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 




1859 
I860 
1861 
1862 
1863 


281 
262 
282 
256 
262 


281 
260 

242 
299 
288 


415 
434 

535 
420 
404 

2,205 


354 
297 
444 
331 
329 

1,755 


769 
731 
979 
751 
730 

3,960 


119 
149 

147 

176 
155 




1,343 


1,350 


2,693 


746 



16 HISTOEICAL AND STATISTICAL TIEW OF 

RETURN OF BIRTHS, DEATHS, AND MARRIAGES FOR 
THE YEAR 1864. 



Return of Births, Deaths, and Marriages in the undermentioned 
Counties for the year 1864. 

Marriages. 

185 

51 

20 

12 







1 

269 



I. BASANTA, Actg. Registrar General. 



Names of Counties. 




Births. 


Deaths 


County of St. George 




1587 


1334 


Victoria County 




779 


610 


County of Caroni 




280 


272 


„ St. Patrick 




195 


235 


„ St. David 




43 


24 


„ St. Andrew 




48 


31 


„ Nariva 




9 


3 


„ Mayaro 


••* 


33 


23 


Total 


2974 


2532 



TRINIDAD. 

List of Returns not received from the undermentioned Wards. 

Ward of Toco. 

Births and Deaths for Quarters ending 31st March and 30th June, 1864. 

Ward of Blanchisseuse. 

Deaths for Quarter ending 31st Decemher, 1864. 

Ward of Manzanilla. 

Deaths for Quarters ending 31st March, 30th June, and 30th September, 1864. 

Northern Ward of Savanna Grande. 

Deaths for Quarter ending 31st March, 1864. 

Southern Ward of Savanna Grande, Eastern. 
Deaths for Quarter ending 31st March, 1864. 

Ward of Guapo. 

Births for Quarter ending 31st March, 1864. 

Ward of Moruga. 

Deaths for Quarters ending 30th June and 31st December, 1864. 

Ward of Nariva. 

Deaths for Quarters ending 31st March and 30th September, 1864. 

I. BASANTA, Actg. Registiar General. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 17 

TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF TRINIDAD. 



His Grace, the late Duke of Newcastle, when Secretary of State for the 
Colonies, wrote to the Governor whether a 'R)pographical sui'Vey of the island 
could be made at a cost not exceeding £40,000, the engraving of the maps 
costing about £20,000. The following are answers given to some of the 
queries made by His Grace. 

1st. With the exception of about 30 miles of the coast of Paria, that is, from 
Port-of- Spain to Chaguaramas and from La Brea to Cedros, it is not likely 
that the plans of the colonial surveys hitherto made will be of any use what- 
ever, unless, perhaps for filling up of details. 

2nd. The Colonial surveys in fact are generally made piece-meal withDut 
any regular projection and even when adjoining cauld scarcely be put together 
Vfith any very satisfactory degree of accuracy ; even the surveys made by tlie 
Home and Island surveyors employed by the Trinidad Railway Company, ia 
1846, were made without being checked by triangulation, except, Ibelieve_, the 
line from Port-of-Spain to Chaguaramas. 

3rd. If the mere engraving of the maps would cost about £20,000, it would 
probably not be safe to estimate the survey itself at less than £80,000. The 
difficulties and waste of time in surveying in this thickly wooded and hilly 
country, and the enormous cost of labor in cutting the necessary traces, &c., 
must weigh heavily in the scale of expenditure, and almost to an extent that 
must, in England, seem preposterous and extra vaganto 

4th. As a datum of the probable cost of the topographical survey of th& 
whole island, one may perhaps refer to the outlay incmTed for the survey of 
the mere lines of the Trinidad Railway in 1846 (which took about six months) 
and amounted to about £15,000 sterling. 

By the Ordinance No. 8, of 1849, the island was divided into Divisionsj. 
Counties. Districts and Wai^ds^. Subsequently the Ordinance No. 14, of 1854, 
was passed for the purpose of regulating the appointment of Wardens, the 
raising of local rates for local purposes, and di-sddmg the "^^'ards into Ward 
Unions, as under — 



AYavd of Arima. 
ARiMA I ,, Guanapo. 

WARD f- ,, Tuiure. 
U-NiON. I „ M-iU7.anilla. 

J „ Upper Caroni. 

TOCO WARD j Ward of Blancbisseuse. I mayaro \ Ward of Mayaro. 
UNION. / „ Toco. I WARD UNION. J „ Narlva. 



1 Ward of Cedros. 
CEDROS I „ Irois. 

WARD }- „ Erin, 
UNION. j ,, La Brea. 

J „ Guapo. 



^? 1' wf ; 1 Ward of North Naparima. South Napa» ] 
riiiia Ward V A i i"i"^a Ward V 

Uiiion. j ;^ Savanna Graade. [ jji^i^n, } 



Ward of South Naparima, 
„ Oropouclie, 



18 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



Couva "Ward 
Union 



^ Ward of Couva, | 

„ Chaguanas. St. Ann's 

„ Carapachaima. | Ward 
„ Savonetta. ) Union. 

,, Point-a-Pierre. 
] Ward of Carenao-o. 
Diego Mar- | „ Diego Martin. Tacarigua 

tin W^ard }■ „ Mucurnpo. Ward |- 

Union. „ Maraval. Union. | 

J „ Chagnaramas. J 

WARDENS OF THE FOREGOING MENTIONED 

SALARIES. 



J. H. La Croix 
J. Cadiz 
H. Hughes ... 
H. L. Jobity 
L. Rostant ... 
G. F. Bowen 
F. A. Ganteaume 
J. Percy 
J. Leotaud ... 
J. T. Bowen 
By a return of the Colonial Secretary for the year 
and expen(litures of the several Ward Unions were :— 



Arima Ward Union 
Toco ,, 

Cedros ,, 

Mayaro „ 

Couva „ 

Diego Martin „ 
North Naparima ,, 
South Naparima „ 
St. Ann's ,, 

Tacarigua „ 



Ward of St. Ann. 

La Ventille. 

Cimaronero. 

Aricagua, 

Sta. Cruz. 
Ward of St. Joseph. 

Maraccas. 

Tacarigua. 

Caura. 

Lower Caroni. 
WARDS AND THEIR 

£450 
£100 
£350 
£150 
£450 
£450 
£450 
£450 
£450 
£450 
1861, the total receipts 



WARD UNIONS. 


RECEIPTS. 


EXPENDITURE. 


Arima 


£1,894 


15 


^ 


£1,731 


16 6 


Couva 


4,891 


14 


6 


4,809 


14 3 


Cedros 


1,958 


5 


6 


2,107 


6 9i 


Diego Martin 


2,561 


14 


9| 


2,590 


9 5| 


Mayaro 


528 


19 


7 


572 


2 6 


North Naparima ... 


4,040 


1 


6 


4,230 


11 lOi 


South Naparima ... 


3,629 


9 


H 


3,693 


3 6i 


St. Ann's 


2,749 


7 


Sk 


3,214 


1 6" 


Tacarigua 


4,224 


19 


8| 


4,652 


8 9| 


Toco 


404 


6 


H 


317 


15 



Under the same last mentioned Ordinance, No. 14, of 1854, there is also 
established a Central Road Board, for the general management of all matters 
connected with the several Wards and Ward Unions, with a Secretary, who 
is also Inspector of Roads and Bridges, and who receives a salary of £500 
per annum. The Board is constituted as follows : — 

Ills Excellency the Governor, President. 



The Colonial Secretary. 

„ Attoinoy-General. 

„ Agent- (iencral Immigrants 

„ Hon. 11. Johnson. 

,, Hon. C. J. Pantin. 

„ Hon. Geo. Garcia. 

„ Plon. H. Walts. 



J. Gumming. 

T. A. Finh\yson. . 

G. Lambie. 

C. Cleaver. 
H. Geoffroy. 

D. L. O'Connor. 
J. W. Begg. 

S. Devenish, Secretary. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



19 



The total receipts or annual rcTeniie of tlie several Ward Unions in 1861 
amomited to £26,894, wliich is expended in making- and repairing roads and 
bridges, contribution to police, schools, hospitals, printing, Wardens' salary 
and commission, and for other local purposes. 

The principal articles of produce exported are sugar, cocoa, coffee, rum, 
molasses, and cotton. Indigo is also exported, but not raised in the island ; 
it is brought from Venezuela for exportation; but in 1783 there were planta- 
tions and manufacturers of the article established in the island. The number 
of sugar estates does not exceed from 152 to 155, and those of cocoa and coffee 
700. The total extent of land imder cultivation is as follows : — In canes, 
36,739 acres; cocoa and coffee, 14,238 acres ; ]3rovisions, 9,914 acres ; pasture, 
7,356 acres. Total, 67,247 acres. 



PEODIJCE OF THE DIFFEEENT W.iEDS IN THE ISLAXD. 



Arima 

Arouca . . 
Aricagua 
Blanchisseuse 
Cedros 

COUVA 

Chaguanas 

Carapachaima 

Carexage 

Chaguaramas 

Cimaronero 

Caura 

Diego Martin 

Erin 

GUAPO 
GUANAPO 

Irois 
La Brea 
La Ventille 
Lower Caroni . 
Manzanilla 
Mayaro . . 
Mocurapo 
Marayal . . 

Maraccas 
North Napaeima 
Nariya 
Oropouche 
Point-a -Pierre . 
South Naparima 
Savanna Grande 
Savonetta 
St. Ann's.. 



Cocoa, coffee, and some sugar. 

, Sugar, rum, molasses, cocoa, coffee, and ground provisions. 
. Sugar, rum, molasses, cocoa and coffee. 
. Cocoa, coffee, casava and starch. 
. Sugar, rum, molasses and cocoanuts. 
. Sugar, rum, molasses, cocoa and cotton. 
. Sugar, rum, molasses, cocoa, coffee and cotton. 
. Sugar, rum, molasses, cotton and cocoa. 
. Cocoa and ground provisions. 
. Casava, cotton, ground provisions and charcoal. 
. Sugar, molasses, rum, cocoa, coffee and charcoal. 
. Cocoa and coffee. 

. Sugar, rum, molasses, cocoa and coffee. 
. Cocoa, coffee and cedar boards. 
. Some ground provisions and fruit. 
Cocoa and coffee. 
. Timber. 

.Pitch. Some provisions and pine apples. 
. Cocoa, coffee, fruit, ground provisions and charcoal. 
. Cocoa, coffee, sugar, molasses, rum and ground provisions. 
. Rice, cocoa, coconut oil and cedar boards. 
. Cocoa, coffee, coconut oil and ground provisions. 
. Sugar, molasses, rum and ground provisions. 
• Sugar, molasses, rum, cocoa, coffee, fruit, ground provisions 

and charcoal. 
. Cocoa, coffee, cedar and other fm-niture woods. 
..Sugar, rum and molasses. 
.Coconut oil, cocoa, coconuts and cedar boards. 
. Sugar, molasses, rum, cocoa, tobacco and coffee. 
. Sugar, molasses, rum and cocoa. 
..Sugar, rum and molasses. 
..Sugar, rum and molasses. 
. Sugar, rum, molasses, cotton and cocoa. 
. Cocoa, coffee, fruit, vegetables and charcoal. 



20 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL YIEAV OF 

Sta. Cruz . . . . Cocoa, coffee and ground provisions. 

St. Joseph's . . Sugar, rum, molasses, cocoa and coffee. 

TuRURE ... ...Cocoa, coffee, rice, corn and other ground provisions. 

Toco ... ...Cocoa, coffee, coconut oil, casava, starch and cedar boards. 

Tacarigua ...Sugar, rum, molasses,- cocoa and ground provisions. 

The correct name of the cocoa is " cacao." The cultivation of cocoa, with 
the exception of a small quantity grown in the island of Grenada, is peculiar 
as an article of British production to Trinidad. With the exception just men- 
tioned, Trinidad is the only colony throughout the wide extent of the British 
Colonial Empire producing the materials for this wholesome and palatable 
beverage. In 1827 the number of cocoa trees amounted to 3,091,945, and the 
quantity exported that year was 3,696,144, valued according to official return^ 
at £57,851. The value of each tree being then taken at two dollars, or eight 
shillings and four-pence. After 1827, a sudden depression in the price of the 
article reduced the cocoa proprietors at once and without warning, from a 
state of affluence to one of comparative — nay, in many cases real — destitution. 
For the last ten years, however, the article has maintained a fair and remu- 
nerative price. The culture of cocoa is the only one of our Tropical productions 
at all adapted to the constitution of Europeans. The cocoa tree itself of some 
20 feet in height, and affording a grateful shade from the blaze of the sun, is 
again shaded in its turn by the hois immoitel, whose protecting services have 
justly obtained for it among the South Americans the appellation of La Madre 
del Cacao. The weeding of the soil, picking of the pods, husking them, and 
carrying the produce to the drying house ; in short, the whole of the agri- 
cultural operations and all but the last stage of the manufacturing process, is 
carried on under this impervious and ever verdant canopy ; the air gently 
agitated and refreshed by the river or mountain stream, upon whose vegas or 
banks these plantations are invariably established. Here, and here only, the 
European may measure his strength with the descendants of the Africans, and 
derive direct from the soil without the intervention of the latter, the subsis- 
tence which in every other kind of agricultural pursuits seems denied him by 
his own physical exertions. Under the double shade of the cocoa tree and the 
Madre del Cacao, the European feels himself as in his native climate. By 
official returns made in 1842, there were 182 small plantations having from 
100 to 500 trees; 147 having from 500 to 1000 trees, and 268 having from 
1000 to 5000 trees; 55 having from 5C00 to 10,000 trees; 29 having from 
10,000 to 20,000 trees; 28 having from 20,000 to 50,000 trees, and 1 above 
50,000: making a total of 710. Upon a general average, each cocoa tree 
ought to yield annually two and a half pounds nett of cocoa. The distance at 
which cocoa is planted in this island differs from four to five varas. I have 
taken the latter as the basis of my calculations. At that distance there are 
about 800 trees in a quarree, which is the old Spanish measurement of 3.1-5 
English acres. Consequently, 40,000 trees occupy fifty quarrees, and the 
average yield bring something near 2f lbs. per tree, 22 fanegas per 1000 trees> 



. THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. ^i 

and S12 (with few exceptions) to be the highest price obtained in the market 
in 1865, Pruning is an essential operation. Five years would be sufficient 
to intervene between the pruning ; and on an Estate of 40,000 trees, I would 
do it by using the knife to 8000 trees only in one year, and continue at such 
rate until the whole shall have been pruned — to re-commence again by the 
first 8000 trees. Forty-eight dollars is put down to be expended in that opera- 
tion, not that the whole of that amount would be expended (for the pruning 
should be light), but because in that sum is included the cleaning of trees from 
moss, parasites, ants, and guatej)ajaro, — a work which, though stro]\gly 
recommended to both men and women (for on many Estates picking is per- 
formed by women) employed in picking pods, it is, nevertheless, very imper- 
fectly done, or not done at all: Hence, at the proper season, which is 
immediately after the December crop, say, in March and April, a skilful gang 
should be emx^loyed to trim and clean the 8000 trees apportioned for the 
season. The expenses and net revenue of Cocoa Estates are subject to varia- 
tion, according to extent and locality : an Estate of 30,000 trees requiring 
almost the same establishment as one of 40 or 50,000, — hence the increase or 
decrease of the net revenue and cost per bag of cocoa on different Estates. 
The amount paid for cutlassing 100 trees varies from 30 to 60 cents. Some 
Estates in the quarter of Maraccas, net having labourers located on the pro- 
perty, are in the habit of cutlassing their Estates by " gallapa," a system 
much preferred by small proprietors, though it raises the expense to the 
ruinous amount of ^1 20 per 100 trees. The 2|Tbs. which I have put down 
as the yield per tree, in the present imperfect state of cultivation can produce . 
but I am quite certain that v,'ith increased care and attention, a cocoa tree at 
13 feet a-part can be made to yield double that quantity. As a proof: on the 
Estate of Mr, Victoriano Gomez, in the Ward of Maraccas, there are 200 trees 
planted at 22 feet a-part that yielded 61t)S. per tree. A quarree planted at 
that distance holds 288 trees, giving a total of 2128 lbs. At 13 feet a quarree 
as already stated contains 800 trees, at 2| lbs. per tree gives 2000 lbs. — a 
difference of 128 lbs. in favor of wide planting. But is wide planting more 
profitable ? The following particulars will show. Cocoa planted at 22 feet 
a-part require 139 quarrees for 40,000 trees, at 6 lbs. per tree would give 
240,000 lbs. ; 139 quarrees planted at 13 feet a-part would contain 111,400 
trees, which, at 2^ lbs. per tree is 278,000 lbs. ; planted at 22 feet, in 50 
quarrees there are 14,400, at 6 lbs. is 86,400 lbs. j at 13 feet, there are 40,000 
trees, which, at 2| lbs. will give 100,000 lbs. Difference in favor of narrow 
planting in 50 quarrees, 13,600 lbs. or 123^ fanegas, which, at $12, would 
give a total profit of $14^80. In addition to the foregoing remarks, it is 
necessary to state, that on every well-regulated Cocoa Estate, there should be 
a nursery of cocoa trees of the best quality, in order to supply " fallos" or 
missing trees. The following is a statement of the expenses of a Cocoa Esti"/.e 
of 40,000 trees, and cost per fanega (110 lbs.) or bag : — 



22 



HISTOrJCAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

EXPENSES OF A COCOA ESTATE OF iO.OOO TEEES. 



Cutlassing 40,000 trees @ $5 p 1000, (3 cleanings) 

Picking 587 bags or 880 tanegas @ $1 

Gathering and breaking do. @ 50c. 

Carrjing Lo Caring-house @ 10c. 

Drying @ 'i5c. 

Cartage to Port-of-Spain @ 30c. 

Salaries of Manager and Overlooker @ 62Jc. ^ day 

Ward-Rate 

Cutlassing pasture, 5 quarees, and repairing fence 

Repairino- Buildings 

Pruning 8000 trees 

Incidental Expenses 



Proceeds of 880 fanegas @ $12 



Nett Revenue 



$000 


00 


880 


00 


440 


GO 


88 


(0 


220 


00 


264 


00 


547 


50 


220 


00 


40 


00 


100 


00 


48 


00 


100 


00 


$3,547 


50 


10,560 


00 


$7,012 


50 



COST PER FANEGA OF COCOA. 



Picking 

Gatliering and breaking 
Carrying lo Curing-House 
Drying 

Cartage to Port-of-Spain 
Cutlassing 
War;-Rate 
Salaries 

Incidental expenses— cleaning pasture, repairs of buildings") 
and pruning ... ... ... ... / 



Per bag... 



per fanega $1 


00 







50 









10 









25 









30 









68 




>> > 





25^ 









62i 




> J 





32i 




$4 


03 




2 


OH 


$6 


04 



It is worthy of remark that a Cocoa Estate by the planting of provisions 
and the raising of Stock ought to considerably tend to decrease the expenses 
above given, because the labourers are only required to pick — twice in the 
year — June and December. Each estate of the size herein given should also 
be provided with 8 or 10 good Donkeys for crooking, and 25 good steady 
labourers would be suificicnt to carry on the working of an estate of 40,000 
trees. It is necessary, however, to state that for the last 3 or 4 years Cocoa 
has been disposed of in the London Market from 65s,, 70s., 80s., 90s., and as 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 23 

high as 110s. per cwt., nor has it been under nine dollars in the Trinidad 
Market. Indeed as much as 13 dollars the fanega (llOlbs.) has been paid 
hence the nett annual income should be much more than is herein given. 
There is ho^Yever, a ^vant of energy on the part of the Cocoa planters in regard 
to planting provisions and the rear of stock. It is, at the same time, just to 
remark that ^/d/'?/ labour under great di-fficuliies in tJie ivay of procuring Jahourers. 
A negroe can live for 24 hours on a sugar cane. Hence, he would rather vi^ork 
on a sugar estate for one shilling a day than for two shillings on a cocoa estate. 
In former years when the price of cocoa was low, little or no attention was 
paid to the cultivation ; the increase of price has, however, acted as a real 
stimulus to the planters of the article, and greater attention is now paid both 
to the cultivation and to the curing and preparing of the article. The largest 
cocoa estate in the island is the "La Pastora," situate in the Ward of Santa 
Cruz, and belonging to Mr. H. Borde. On this estate there are 50,000 trees, 
but this estate, like others, in 1837 (a year also that the cocoa planter la- 
boured under very great disadvantages for the want of labor) only yielded 
a crop of 70,200 lbs. In the year 1727 the cocoa trees were greatly injured by 
the severity of the North "Wind — a disaster which the Priests represented as a 
judgement upon the inhabitants for their enormity in refusing the payment of 
tithes. Alcedo relates this ridiculous story — " The production of the greatest 
value in this island," says he " is the cocoa which from its fine quality, is 
everywhere in request, in preference to that of Caracas ; and the crops were 
even bought up before they were gathered, so that the person to whom they 
belonged refused to pay their tenths to the clergy, and strange to say, that, as 
it should seem. Heaven in chastisement of their covetousness had entirely 
deprived them of this means of emolument inasmuch as, since the year 1727, 
the whole of their crop have turned out fruitless and harren, with the excep- 
tion of one that belonged to a certain man named Robles, who had continued 
to pay his tithes, and whose estate is the only one in which that production is 
now furnished." Unfortunately for the theory of the Monks, and the faith 
of Alcedo, the crops of cocoa have been, and I hope they ever will be, exube- 
rant since Trinidad has been cultivated, as the Tables of Exports herein given 
fully proves. It is worthy of remark that the "Robles" mentioned by Alcedo 
was the father of Christoval de Robles, who inherited from his father the San 
Antonio and Santa Catalina Estates in the "Ward of Santa Cruz. 

The principal quantities of sugar, molasses and rum, exported from the island 
are made in the Wards of North and South Naparirna and Savanna Grande 
and shipped from the Cipero Creek and San Fernando Wharf. The carriage 
to the former (and soon also to the latter) by a tramway, the originator of 
which was the late Mr. William Eccles, a native of Scotland, and whose father, 
in early years, was extensively connected with Trinidad. He was a man of 
great powers of mind and vast energies, and who did a great deal of good to 
the island, and more especially to the Naparimas. It was solely owing to Ids 
enterprise that the San Fernando Jettv was built. The introduction of large 



24 EISTOEICAL AND STATISTICAL TTL;T\- OF 

and powerful cranes, whicli he had erected at the Cipero Creek, for the greater 
facility of the loading and unloading of flats and carts : the erection of a large 
building, crescent form, for the storeage of sugar carted from the estates : the 
opening of a canal to facilitate the loading of flats : the erection of a building 
in Trhich was established a saw mill and with works for carrying out repairs 
of steam engines ; a slip for repaiiiug and cleaning of the local steamers, are 
all owing to his exertions — the latter, after his death, became a failure. All 
these undertakings or improvements were consentrated to facilitate dispatch 
and to lessen expense, and to prove to the people what could be done with 
energy and perseverance. He further extended his attention to Point-a-PieiTe 
and Savonetta by establishing a station at Sandy Bay : he relieved the people 
of Carapachaima from their tiresome trips to Couva to meet the boat of the 
steamer, by establishing a station at Felicity Hall. Such were the various 
improvements he demised for the good of the Colony and its inhabitants. Of 
course, there are not a few who say, that " he did it with selfish motives, and 
that he could not haxe made his midertakings pay," but this can be denied in 
respect to the shipping place at Cipero and the San Fernando Jetty. INIr. 
Eccles was himself the proprietor of several sugar estates to which his personal 
attention was incessant. He was a gentleman, in the strictest sense of the 
word, entii'ely devoid of ostentation, kind-hearted, easy in his intercourse with 
all persons, yet maintaining that respect which was due to himself, he was 
always ready to gather information from any one, and, at the same time, to 
impart what he knew to others, and to render his advice, when sought for, 
with every kindness. He was much beloved by all who knew him, and his 
loss was a misfortune to Trinidad. Immediately after his death his friends, 
and even those who were not intimately acquainted with him, resolved to have 
a memorial to his memory. A subscription list was at once opened and upwards 
of sixteen hundred dollars of the amount subscribed has been collected and 
remitted to England. The memorial, which is scon looked for, is to consist cf 
a Bust and a Fountain which are to be erected at the Coolie Orphan Home — 
an institution in the interest of which Mr. Eccles took much trouble. * 

There is no particular Ward in which coffee is either exclusively grown or 
extensively cultivated — the total quantity exported is gathered from different 
parts of the island, and is now much less in quantity than in former years. 
The largest quantity exported was in 1838, 451,437 fbs. 

^ The " Tiinidaf] Press and Advocate of the People " of the 24th August, 1859^, 
in recording the death of Mr. Eccles, remarks, " the death of Mr. Eccles may be 
" regarded as a public calamity, and the country has suffcied a loss, the extent of 
" which it is at this moment difficult to estimate." 



niE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



2^5- 



THE FOLLOWING SCALES OF TASK-WORK FOR EFFECTIVE 

PREDIAL APPRENTICED LABOURERS IN THE COLONY OF 

BRITISH GUIANA, 

Framed by a Committee of Planters, ^'c, and confirmed by the Lieutenant- Governor, 

Are published for the information of this Community. 

1836. 



CANE CULTIVATION. 



DESCRIPTION or WORK. 



DiggiDg new navigable canals, 1 2 feet wide 

and 5 feet deep, a ad throwing the ground 

on both sides 
Throwing back a 6 foot parapet from the 

above, and levelling the ground 
Digging new punt trenches as above, when 

the ground is all thrown on one side 
Throwing back 6 feet parapets from above... 
Digging new small drains 2x2, land cleared 
Throwing oat small drains one shovel deep... 
HoHng or banking land 2i x 2i ... 
Shovel ploughing new^ holed land a shovel 

deep, and rounding beds 
Hoe ploughing and planting one row of the 

above with two rows of plants, the plants 

being on the parapets... 
Weedi: ig, moulding, and supplying plant 

canps first time in holed land ... 
Weeding and moulding plant canes second! 

time ... ... ... ...| 

Weeding and moulding ratoons ... ...I 

Weeding and trashing canes ... ...i 

Calting and carrying cane«, where the car- j 
riage does not exceed 18 roeds ... 1 

Ditto do., for one hogshead of sugar ^ diem 
Relieving and tying trash ... ^ ... 

Ratoons... I 

Supplying only first time ... j ... 

Relieving and supplying at same time 
Shovel ploughing a space between (2 feet 

wide) cane rows 
Drilling 2 feet wide, one shovel deep 



Work now performed 
in 9 hours. 



600 cubic feet 

72 feet in length 

480 cubic feet 
48 feet in length 
18 roeds 
•50 roeds 
36 roeds 

72 roeds 



60 roeds 

90 roeds of 1 row 

1 00 roeds 
120 roeds 
120 roeds 

2 labourers to load a 
Funt28x7i. and 3 
ft. deep, 600 cubic ft. 
1 1 labourers 
120 roeds 

120 roeds 
60 roeds 

60 roeds 
36 roeds 



Work to be perform- 
ed in 71 hours. 



500 cubic feet 

60 feet iu length 

400 cubic feet 
40 feet in length 
15 roeds 
42 roeds 
30 roeds 

60 roeds 

50 roeds 

75 roeda 

86 roeds 
100 roeds 
100 roeds 

1 500 cubic feet 

13 labourers 
100 roeds 

100 roeds 
50 roeds 

50 roeds 
30 roeds 



PLANTAIN CULTIVATION 

Weeding and trimming plantain walks ... 5 labourers to 1 acre 
Digging plantain suckers ... .,. 200 each labourer 

Ditto holes for ditto, 15 inches square ... IzO ditto 
Planting ditto, suckers at hand ... .. 150 ditto 



6 labourers to 1 acre 
1 60 each labourer 
100 ditto 
125 ditto 



CUTTING FIREWOOD and cording ditto, 
(•arriago not over 20 roeds 



128 cubic feet, or 3 107 cubic feet, or fv 
feet by 4 feet 8 inches x 4 



m 



filSTORICAL AND STATISTICAL tiEW OF 



COFFEE CULTIVATiaX. 



DESCKIPTION OF WORK.- 



WorJc now jjerformed 
m 9 hours. 



Digging holes 18 inches square fot coffee] 



!l20 each labourer 



the plants be-| 



ditto 



plants 
Planting coffee in the aho^ e 

ing on the spot ... ... ...100 

Weeding coffee, and pulling off water sproats! 

and vines from the trees ... ... b labourers to 1 acre 

It is impossible to fix any scale of task work! 

for picking coffee, as the quantity to be 

picked by each individual must entirely 

depend upon the quantity of ripe fruit 

tipon the trees 
Trimming coffee trees after crop, and cut- 
lassing vinos on the trees 
Assorting first quality coffee, after bein^ 



4 labourers to 1 acre 



Wo7-k to be 2)erform- 
ed in 7i hours. 



100 each labourer 



85 



ditto 



stamped, winnowed, and sifted... ...| 150 lbs. 

Inferior and drift coffee... ... ...^75 lbs. 

Cutting bunches of plantains and carrying] 

them in punts to the buildings, provided] 

the head carriage does not exceed 100 roeds 80 bunches to each 

I labourer 
Trenching (the same as in sugar cultivation) ' 

COTTON CULTIVATIOX. 



6 labourers to lacre 



5 labourers to iacie 



120 lbs. 

60 lbs. 



65 bunches to each 
labourer 



Planting cotton, supposing the laud to be 
prepared 

Pruning cotton 

"Weeding, after pruning... 

Ditto after crop, or other weeding 

Ko general system of task work can be ap- 
plied to picking coiton, as it must depend 
on the character of the crop 

Ginning by manual labour 

Cleaning cotton after ginning 

Baling with machine 

Trenching (same as on sugar estates) 



6 labourers, 3 acres 7 labourers, 8 acres 
6 ditto 3 ditto 7 ditto 3 ditto 



6 ditto to 1 acre 
5 ditto to 1 acre 



7 ditto 1 acre 
6 ditto ditto 



50 Ibs.each labourer;40 lbs. each labour'r 
60 lbs. ditto ioOlbs. ditto 
7 bales to 4 labour's 6 bales to 4 labour'r 



WOOD CUTTING,— SQUARING TIMBER. 



Felling trees and squaring them for saw logs 
Ditto ditto for framing timber... 

Making wallaba shingles, and carrying them 

to a water carriage 
Making staves and heading, and carrying 

them as above 
Cutting and cording hardwood for fuel 



26 cubic feet 
18 ditto 

200 each labourer 

TOO ditto 

6 labour's to 4 cords 



21 cubic feet 
15 ditto 

175 to each labour'r 

87 ditto 

6 labur's to 3 cords 



N. B.— The Roed mentioned in the foregoing Tariff, and made use of in Biitish 
Guiana, is the Rhyuland Roed- equal to 12 feet and 4 inches, nearly. 

LABOUR AND FOOD. 



The preparation for coming events and the necessity of self reliance are 
matters of importance. The advantages to be derived from an extended culti- 



THE ISLAND OF TRIX-IDAB. 27 

vation of the minor products of the island would be of great benefit. The 
exorbitant rates of the common necessaries of life are such as to require atten- 
tion to the planting of ground provisions — Corn, Plantains, Yams, Peas, Ta- 
nias, &c. — At present few, if any, of the Planters raise even Corn sufficient for 
their own immediate use. Machinery could be imported at a trifling cost 
for the preparation of meal : and if on each Estate ten or twelve acres 
were appropriated to the growth of the above products, sales would readily 
be effected to merchants and other persons in trade, who, encouraging 
a developement of resources, and encouraging too the keeping in the island of 
immense sums of money that are now annually sent out of it, would ensure to 
themselves a reasonable percentage on the capital which they have at stake, 
The cultivation on Estates of articles for food after the manner pursued in 
Barbados and some other of the AYest India Islands, is a subject that invites 
public attention with regard to its prospective benefit, and the efi'ect it wiU 
have in insm-ing labour at reasonable rates, or in rendering us less dependent 
than we have hitherto been on strangers for the greater part of food which we 
consume. That the object is important, no one will deny : and there are many 
things connected with it which deserve immediate and serious consideration. 
There are in this island Estates on which Corn, Yams, Plantains, Casava, &c. 
could be raised with very great advantage and profit. Cheapness of food will 
cause cheapness of labour. In England the peasant depends upon the farmer 
for employment, and it is the latter by whom the markets are supplied. Situa- 
ted as we are in Trinidad, there are many advantages to be derived from 
growing all kinds of edibles on Estates, The large cultivation of breadstufis 
would considerably lessen our foreign importations, and the money which we 
pay at present for American cargoes would remain in the counti-y, to be devo- 
ted to other purposes. The growth of ground provisions by persons in charge 
of Sugar and Cocoa Estates would tend to reduce the rate of wages ; it would 
have the further salutary efi'ect of insuring continuous labour and of enabling 
the mass of the population to live comfortably and decently with the means 
they would obtain by honest industry. Indeed, the time has arrived when 
the middle as well as the labouring classes should, by their imited efforts, 
endeavour to increase the cultivation of minor products which has hitherto, to 
a very great extent, been culpably neglected. What a monstrous absurdity it 
is to depend on foreign lands for the common necessaries of life, when those 
necessaries can be so easily obtained by turning to account the grateful soil 
which Almighty God has blessed us with ! It is disgraceful in us to persist in 
sending our money to strangers for the purchase of articles which can be so 
plentifully produced on our own land, if proper attention were directed to 
their cultivation. In 1863 there were no less than 17,650 bushels of Corni 
7,052 lbs. Corn Meal, Cassava to the value of £35 stg., 480 lbs. Indigo, 
2,734,485 feet Lumber, 4,509 bushels and 1,281 tbs. Peas and Beans, 1,451 
hampers and 3,770 brls. Potatoes, 8,586,146 lbs. Rice, Starch to the value of 
£1,498 stg., 366,790 Staves, 1,503,300 Shingles, 300,320 lbs. unmanufactured 



^S HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

Tobacco, and Yams to the value of £896 stg., imported — even the simple ar- 
ticle of Ginger has to be imported. Every article here enumerated, and many 
others, could be produced in the island. The forests abound with the best 
timber — Staves and Shingles can also be made to any extent. There is no 
necessity, therefore, for us to be always at the mercy of foreigners ? What 
would be said of a man who, seeing his house tumbling to pieces, made no 
effort to prop it up ? And what in like manner should be said of a people, 
who, with the means of maintaining themselves, neglect and despise those 
means, and continue in a sort of vassalage instead of being thoroughly inde- 
pendent ? Under such circumstances Trinidad cannot be so thriving a Colony 
as she might be. — The British Government may enforce the carrying out of 
Treaties for the suppression of the Slave Trade : Slavery itself may be abol- 
ished in the Spanish Colonies : but Trinidad cannot expect to reach even a 
moderate degree of prosperity until the majority of her people get rid of their 
idle, slothful habits, shake off their stupid pride, and resolve to earn their 
living by the pursuit of industrious occupations. Of this class there are many 
who, instead of working for their own living, live on the work of their neigh- 
bours. Many may sneer at these remarks, but the time will and must come 
when they will regret their indolence, and perhaps, sorely ; and whatever be the 
arguments advanced against what I have stated, and however disparagingly men 
may speak and wi'ite about my assertions, I contend that it is to the minor pro- 
ducts we must look for the chief maintenance of three-fourths of the population. 
It is therefore absolutely necessary that attention should be given to self-reliance. 
The following table will give a proper idea of the cost of labor, &c., for 
various works performed on the Sugar Estates of this island : — 

Plant canes — Cost per acre to cut S3 00 

Ratoon do. good $1 80 to §2 40 

Weedixg : 
1st "Weeding of plants — Ratoons §3. $1 30 to $1 80 per acre. 
2nd „ „ $2 25. $2 to $2 50 „ „ 

3rd „ „ S2 25. $1 75. 

Plant canes are now frequently weeded five and six times and those last 
weedings cost from $1 25 to SI 80 per acre. 

Planting : 
Felling high woods, burning, cleaning up and planting S18 to $25 per acre. 
Preparing brush land for planting (ready to line) $6. Holing and planting 
according to distance and size of holes', from §3 to $6 per acre. 
Rate of Wages paid to Labourers : 
Boilermen, (head) from 60 cents to $1 per da}-. 
Do. others ,, 30 „ to 50 cents do. 
Firemen 50 ,, to 60 cents do. 

Crook boys 25 ,, to 30 cents do. 

Carters 40 ,, to 50 cents do. 

Mill gang 30 cents per day. 

Trenching 18 x 18 by 12 inches deep, new, 30 cents to 40 cents per 100 feet. 
Old di^ains 15 cents to 20 cents do. 

Drivers 50 cents to $1 per day. 

Removing or hauling trash immediately after crop, from go to $6 50 per quarr6e. 



THE ISLAND OF TKIXIDAD. 



29 



REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE OF THE DIFFERENT WARDS, 



Santa Cruz Waed. 
Abstract of Accounts from 1st October, 1864, to 30th September. 1865. 
Revenue. Expenditure. " 

Balance credit Sept. 30, 1864$ 494 76: Warden s Salary ... ...$ 

Arrears Ward Rate, 1864 ... 317 22j Do. Commission 
Spirit Licenses ... ... 630 OOi Road Debt Sinking Fund ... 

Vv'ard&Additional Rates, 1865 5878 44; Contribution to General Police 
Arrears do. do. do. ... 30 76| Ailowanceto Receiver General 

I for Clerk and Stationery ... 

j Ward Constable ... * ... 

I Education 

i Hospitals 

; Registration Bii'ths & Deaths 

i Inquests ... 

I Vaccination 

! Administration of Justice ... 

i Printing and advertising ... 

i Miscellaneous 

j Roads ... 

j Balance credit Sept. 30, 1865 



487 


68 


278 


12 


199 


52 


471 


00 


63 


72 


240 


00 


506 


00 


95 


96 


32 


56 


56 


20 


420 64 


2 


80 


65 


30 


4 00 


3478 


78 


948 


90 



$7351 18: 

No Auditor present, although ! 

dulv notified. J. LEOTAUD, Warden. 



$7351 18 



JULES LEOTAUD, Warden. 



Saint Ann's Ward. 
Abstract of AecouNTS from 1st October, 1834, to 30th September, 1835. 

Revenue. ~j Expenditure^ 

Balance credit Sept. 30, 1864 $ 297 59| Warden's Salary ... ...$ 177 12 

Arrears Ward Rate, 1864 .. 219 33; Warden's Commission ... 76 09 

Spirit Licenses ... ... 225 00: Purchase money returned ... 96 

Ward&Additional Rates, 1865 1819 68 Contributionto General Police 144 00 
Arrears do. do. do. ... 5 03 Allowance to ReceiverGeneral 

for Clerk and Stationery . 



Ward Constable 

Assistant Constable 

Education 

Hospitals 

Relief to Paupers ... 

Registration Births & Deaths 

Inquests... 

Vaccination 
j Medical Attendance on poor 

persons 
I Printing and advertising ... 
i Miscellaneous 



Roads 



I Balance credit Sept. 30, 1865 



$2566 6J 



No Auditor present, although 

duly notified. J. LEOTAUD, Warden. 



15 96 
202 50 

7 50 
242 50 

41 26 

8 00 
23 24 

28 eo 

100 68 

32 00 

33 10 
3 00 

871 88 
558 24 

$2566 63 



JULES LEOTAUD, Warden. 



30 



HISTORICAL AXD STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



Layextille Ward. 



Abstract of Accounts from 1st Cc 


itober, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 


Re VENUE . 


Expenditure. 




Bala-ce credit Sept. 30, 1864 $ 417 53 


Warden's Salary ... ...% 


358 44 


Arrears Ward Rate, 1864 ... 429 50 


Do. Commission 


138 11 


Spirit Licenses ... ... 210 00 


Road Debt Sinking Fund ... 


145 42 


Wood do. ... ... 6 00 


Contribution to General Police 


206 00 


Ward&AdditionalRates,1865 2570 45 


Allowance to ReceiverGeneral 




Arrears do. do. ... 21 26 


for Clerk and Stationery ... 


22 20 




Ward Constable ... ' ... 


67 .50 




Education 


316 00 




Hospitals 


183 99 




Relief to Paupers ^. 


26 00 




Registration Births &: Deaths 


25 40 




Vaccination 


105 96 




Printing and advertising ... 


42 72 




Miscellaneous 


3 00 




Assistant Constable 


8 00 




Roads ... 


1082 95 




Balance credit Sept. 30, 1865 

s 


923 05 


$3654 74 


3654 74 












duly notified. J. LEOTAUD, Warden. 


JULES LEOTAUD, W 


irden. 



Aricagua Ward. 
Abstract of iVccouNTS from 1st October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 



Revenue. 




Expenditure. 




Balance to credit Sep. 30, 1864$ 353 
Arrears of Ward Rate, 1864 24 


19 

56 


Warden's Salary ... ...S 

Warden's Commission 


297 96 
159 59 


Spirit Licenses ... ... 665 


50 


Road Debt Sinking Fund ... 


120 90 


Ward &AdditionalRates,18G5 2704 


71 


Contribution to General Police 


214 00 


Arrears Ward and Additional 




Allovrance toReceiver General 




Rates, 1865 ... ... 1 


82 


for Clerk & Station erv ... 


36 96 






Ward Constable ... 


240 00 






Education 


508 50 






Hospitals 

Relief to Paupers ... 

Registration Births & Deaths 


334 00 
84 00 
40 44 






Inquests... 
Vaccination 


86 60 
357 36 






Burial of Paupers ... 
Administration of Justice ... 


10 00 
133 62 






Printing & Advertising 


50 10 






Miscellaneous 


3 00 






Roads ... 


732 61 






Balance credit 30th Sept.,1865 
% 
JULES LEOTAUD, W^e 


339 64 


$3749 28 


3749 28 


No A uditor present, although duly noti- 
fied. JULES LEOTAUD, Warden. - 


irdea. 



TH£ ISLAND OF TRlNlDAF. 



31 



CiMARONERO WaRD. 

Abstract of Accounts from 1st October, 18G4, to 30th September, 1865. 



Revenue. 
Balance to credit Sep. 30,1 865 S 292 96 
Arrears "Ward Rates, 1864 ... 81 51 
Spirit Licenses ... ... 140 00 

Ward & Additional Rates, 1865 2123 82 
Arrears do. do. .^, 6 61 



$2644 90 



No Auditor present, although dulynoti 
fied. JULES LEOTAUD, Wa'rden. 



Expenditure. 
■Warden's Salary ... ...$; 

Warden's Commission 
Road Debt Sinking- Fund ... 
Contribution to General Police 
Allowance toReceiver General 
for Clerk & Stationery ... 
Ward Constable ... 
Education 
Hospitals 

Registration of Births&Deaths 
Vaccination 

Burial of Paupers ... " ... 

Administration of Justice ... 
Printing & Advertising 
Miscellaneous 
Roads ... 
Balance credit 30th Sept. ,1865 



"118 


80 


58 


09 


48 


10 


176 


00 


16 20 


270 00 


102 


00 


68 


14 


14 


56 


138 


08 


10 


00 


4 


50 


37 


30 


3 


00 


1003 


40 


566 83 



$2644 90 



JULES LEOTAUD, W^arden. 



Abstract of the Revenue and Expenditure of the Ward of Maraval, from 
1st October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 



Revenue. 
Balance to credit 1st Oct.,1864S 539 53 
Ward Rates and Additional 

Rates of 1865 ... ... 2100 68 

Arrears of W^ard Rates of 1864 155 76 
Spirit Licenses ... ... 210 00 



$3005 97 



Expenditure. 
General Police ... ...^ 

Warden's Salary ... 

Warden's Commissions 

Education 

Ward & Assistant Constables 

Relief to Paupers ... 

Maintenance of Paupers in 

Hospital 
Maintenance of Paupers in 

Leper Asylum ... 
Inquests... 

Registry of Births & Deaths 
Printing,Books & Advertising 
Incidental Expenses, Office 

Furniture & Stationery ... 
Allowance toReceiver G eneral 
Administration of Justice ... 
Vaccination 
Transfers to Road Funds ... 



199 


55 


370 


92 


185 


46 


438 


00 


78 00 


12 


00 


32 


62 


87 


60 


39 40 


24 


32 


46 


88 


3 


10 


29 


16 


69 


06 


210 


20 


885 


32 



$2711 59 
Balance creditto Sept. 30,1865 294 38 



$3005 9- 



2Ut October, 1885. 



GEO. FRED. BOWEX, Warden. 



KISTOKICAL AXD STA'nSTlCAL VIEW OT 



Abstract of the Revenue and Expenditure of the Ward of Diego Martix 
from the 1st October, 1884, to 30th September, 1865. 



He venue. 






Expenditure. 




Balance to credit 1st Oct., 1864 $1057 24 


General Police ... .,.$ 


295 69 


Ward Rates and Additional 






Warden's Salary ... 


549 60 


Rates of 1865 ... 


3322 


04 


AVarden's Commission 


274 80 


Arrears of Ward Rates of i 864 


123 


42 


Education 


556 00 


Spirit Licenses 


875 


00 


Ward & Assistant Constables 


123 20 


Timber Licenses ... 


2 


00 


Relief to Paupers ... 


72 00 


Land Sales under Ordinance 






Burial of Paupers... 


10 85 


No. 20 of 1853 


38 


00 


Con vej-ance of Paupers to Hos- 




Fines ... , .,. ... 


2 


80 


pital ... 
Maintenance of Paupers in 

Hospital 
Inquests... 

Registry of Births & Deaths 
Printing-,Books & Advertising 
Licidental Expenses, Office 

Furniture & Stationery ... 
Allowance toReceiver General 
Administration of Justice ... 
Vaccination 


8 45 

286 52 
20 00 
39 36 
64 21 

4 40 

45 96 

19 00 

303 64 


• 






Transfers to Road Fund 

s 


1777 72 




1539 00 








Balance to credit Sept. 30,1865 
GEO. FRED. BOWEN,W 


881 50 


$5420 50 


5420 50 


21st October, I860. 


M'den. 


Abstract of the Revenue and Ex 


PENDiTURE of the Ward of Chaguaramas 


from 1st October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 





Revenue. 
Balancetocredit 1st Oct., 1864 $ 32 42 
Ward Rates and Additional 

Kates of 1865 ... ... 580 65 

Arrears of Rates of former 

years ... ... ... 195 56 

Lands Sales under Ordinance 

No. 20 of 1853 ... ... 8 

School Books sold... ... 



00! 
45' 



$817 08 
Balance to Debit Sept. 30,1865 134 68 



$951 76 



21st October. 1865. 



Expenditure. 
General Police 
Warden's Salary ... 
Warden's Commissions 
Education 

Ward & Assistant Constables 
Maintenance of Paupers in 

Hospital 
Registry of Births & Deaths 
PrintingjBooks & Advertising 
Incidental Expenses, Office 

Furniture & Stationery . 
Allowance toReceiver General 
Administration of Justice 
Vaccination 
Transfers to Road Funds 



GEO. FRED . BOWEN. Warden. 



$ 72 


56 


135 24 


67 


62 


103 


40 


3 67 


80 


35 


76 


14 40 


• 41 


43 


3 


10 


I 7 


56 


90 


274 04 


127 


95 


$951 


76 



THE ISLAND ur TRINIDAD. 



33 



Abstract of the Eevenue and Expenditure of tlie "Ward of Mucurapo 
from tlie 1st October, 1854, to SOth September, 1865. 



REYi^NUS. 

Balance to credit 1st Oct.,1864S 299 68 
Ward Rates and Additional 

Rates of 1865 ... ... 1275 17 

ArrearsofWardRatesofl864 99 57 
Spirit Licenses ... ... 455 00 

Timber Licenses ... ... 4 00 

Fines ... ... ... 8 40 



JjiXPENDITURE. 

General Police 
Warden's Salary ... 
Warden's Commissions 
Ward & Assistant Constables 
Relief to Paupers ... 
Burial of Paupers ... 
Maintenance of Paupers in 

Hospital 
Inquests... 

Registry of Births & Deaths 
PrintingjBooks & Advertising 
Incidental Expenses, Office 

Furniture & Stationery ... 
Allowance toReceiver General 
Administration of Justice ... 
Vaccination 

Transfers to Road Funds 
Cocorite Water Works 



$112 


63 


209 


18 


104 


58 


48 


00 


84 00 


15 


40 


261 


24 


49 


00 


29 


56 


30 58 


3 


10 


15 


36 


3 


60 


66 


64 


764 61 


10 


00 



$1807 46 
Balanceto credit Sept.30, 1865 334 36 



21st October, 1865. 



$2141 82 



G.F.BOWEN, Warden. 



$2141 82 



Abstract of the Revenue and Expenditure of the Ward of Carenage from 
the 1st October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 



Revenue 






Expenditure. 




Balance to credit 1st Oct., 


1864 


$370 61 


General Police 


$ 93 74 


Ward Rates and Additional 




Warden's Salary ... 


175 08 


Rates of 1865 ... 


... 


907 61 


Warden's Commissions 


87 54 


Arrears of Ward Rates of 18G4 


63 66 


Education 


414 80 


Spirit Licenses ... 


... 


385 00 


Ward & Assistant Constables 


192 48 


Timber Licenses ... 


... 


4 80 


Maintenance of Paupers in 




School Books Sold 




5 15 


Hospital 
Inquests... 

Registry of Births & Deaths . . . 
Printing,Books & Advertising 
Incidental Expenses, Office 

Furniture & Stationery ... 
Allowance to ReceiverGeneral 
Vaccination 

Transfers to Road Funds ... 
Refund of Ward Rate 

$ 


36 46 
55 00 
26 68 
46 13 

3 10 

18 84 

197 00 

291 67 

10 92 




U650;(H 








Balance to credit Sept.30, 1865 


86^79 




$1736 83 


U736 83 


zlst October, I860. 






1 G.F.BOWEN, Warden. - 


,. 



34 



HISTOETCAL AND STATISTICAL TIEAV OF 



CouYA Ward Union. 

Abstract of the Receipts and Expenditure of the Ward of Chaguanas 

from 1st October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 



Revenue. 




Expenditure. 




Balance in hand 1st Oct, 1864$ 152 


84 


Road Debt Sinking Fund ...$ 


79 70 


Ward Rates of 1865 ... 3030 00 


General Police 


290 00 


Arrears of Ward Rates of 1 864 26 


10 


Warden's Salary ... 


172 56 


Spirit Licenses ... ... 1190 


00 


Warden's Commissions 


86 25 


Balance Dr. 30th Sept., 1865 124 


35 


Education 


660 00 






Ward Constables ... 


150 00 






Burial of Paupers ... 


17 20 






Maintenance of Paupers in 








Hospital 


292 02 






Inquests... 


235 50 






Registry of Births & Deaths 


34 52 






Printing, Books & Advertising 


20 00 






Incidental Expenses 


4 90 






Medical Attendance — Vacci- 








nation... 


547 04 






x\lIovrancetoReceiver General 


33 60 






Administration of Justice ... 


20 00 






Transfer to Road Funds 


1880 00 


S4523 


29 


4523 29 


riTi A -T ' J. JTi " J7 — -. i- A J.4> At'%. ^ 




- 




ine Auditors aid nor attena. - ■ ■ 


■~^~ 




17th October, 1865. 




LEONARD ROST.\NT,W 


arden. 



Abstrict of the Receipts and Expenditure of the Ward of Carapichima 
from 1st October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 

Revenue. 
BalanceinhandlstOct., 1864^ 
Ward Rates of 1865 
An-ears of Ward Rates of 1864 
Spii'it Licenses 
Wood-cutting Licenses 
Balance Dr. 30thSept.,1865... 



202 

1054 

78 

385 

2 00 
134 95 



I Expenditure. 

10; Road Debt Sinking Fund . 
38 General Police 
72 i Warden's Salary ... 
00 1 Warden's Commissions 



Audited, 
JOHN HY. JEXVEY, ) 
JOHXTORRIE, j 

17th October, 1865. 



$1857 15 



Auditor! 



Ward Constables ... 
Relief to Paupers ... 
Burial of Paupers ... 
Maintenance of Paupers in 

Hospital 
Inquests... 

Registry of Births & Deaths 
Printmg,Books & Advertising 
Incidental Expenses 
Allowance toReceirer General 
Administration of Justice ... 
Vaccination 
Transfer to Road Funds 



60 


40 


120 00 


130 


92 


65 


46 


122 


50 


4 


75 


1 


50 


130 


56 


9 


60 


17 


60 


25 00 


68 


80 


17 


88 


9 


80 


142 


32 


930 


06 



$1857 15 



LEONARD ROSTANT, Warden. 



THE ISLAN'D of THIXIDAD. 



35 



Abstract of the Receipts and Expenditure of tlie Ward of Couya from 
the 1st October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 



Revenue. 

BalaiiceinhandlstOct.,1864S 150 38 
Ward Rates of 1865 ... 4074 37 

Arrears ofWardRates of 1864 180 66 
Spirit Licenses ... ... 1120 00 

Wood-cutting Licenses ... 9 33 



Audited. 
LOUIS PREAU, Auditor. 
17th October, 1865. 



$5534 63 



Expenditure. 
Road Debt Sinking Eund ...^ 
General Police 
Warden's Salary ... 
Warden's Commissions 
Education 
Ward Constables ... 
Relief to Paupers ... 
Burial of Paupers ... 
Maintenance of Paupers in 

Hospital 
Inquests... 

Registry of Births & Deaths 
Printing,Books & Advertising 
Incidental Expenses 
Medical Attendance 
Allowance to ReceiverGeneral 
Administration of Justice =.. 
Vaccination 

Transfer to Road Funds 
Balance to credit Sept. 30, 1865 



L. ROSTAXT, Warden. 



Abstract of the Receipts and Expenditure of the Yv^ard of Savonetta 
fi'om the 1st October, 1864, to the 30th September, 1865. 



Revenue. 




Expenditure. 




Balance inhand 1st Oct., 1864$ 769 26 


Road Debt Sinkmg Fund ...S 200 48 


AVard Rates of 1865 


6050 50 


General Police 


600 00 


Arrears of Ward Rates of 1 864 


96 00 


Warden's Salary ... 


413 16 


Spirit Licenses 


1610 00 


Warden's Commissions 


215 60 


Wood-cutting Licenses 


21 Q>Q 


Education 


614 00 


Balance Dr. 30th Sept., 1865 


324 04 


Ward Constables ... 


218 50 






Relief to Paupers ... 


35 75 






Burial of Paupers ... 


8 55 






Maintenance of Paupers in 








Hospital 


432 60 






Inquests ... 


57 60 






Registry of Births & Deaths 


48 92 






Printing, Books & Advertising 


49 50 






Incidental Expenses 


1 20 






Medical Attendance 


240 00 






Allowance to ReceiverGeneral 


69 00 






Administration of Justice . . . 


18 50 






Vaccination 


1153 64 




^8871 46 


Transfer to Road Funds 


4476 46 


Audited. \ 


S8871 46 


M. LENNOX Anrlifnv 








17th October, 1865. 




LEONARD ROSTANT,W 


ardcn. 



36 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



Abstract of tlie Receipts and Expenditure of the Ward of Point-a-Pierre 
from the 1st October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 

Revenue. | Expenditure. 

Balance in hand 1st Oct., 1864$ 729 73, Road Debt Sinking Fund 
Ward Rates of 1865 ... 3655 36 General Police ... 

Arrears of Ward Rates, 1864 190 74^ Warden's Salary ... 
Spirit Licenses ... ... 1470 00 Warden's Commissions 

6 85 



Wood-cutting Licenses 



The Auditors did not attend. 
17th October, 1865. 



$6052 68 



Education 
Ward Constables ... 
Burial of Paupers... 
Maintenance of Paupers in 

Hospital 
Inquests... 

Registry of Births & Deaths 
Printing,Books& Advertising 
Incidental Expen ses 
Allowance to ReceiverGeneral 
Administration of Justice . . . 
Vaccination 

Transfers to Road Fund 
Balance Cr. 30th Sept., 1865 



137 


46 


350 00 


297 


24 


148 


62 


435 


40 


219 00 


50 


00 


209 


40 


144 


00 


70 


52 


52 


40 


1 


00 


36 


12 


171 


40 


311 


60 


2986 


21 


432 


91 



$6052 68 



LEONARD ROSTANT, Warden. 



MoRUGA Ward. 



Abstracts of the Receipts and Expenditure of the Moruga Ward, from 1st 
October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 



Revenue. 






Expenditure. 




Balance 1st Oct., 1864 


..$ 721 


19 


General Police ... ...$ 


105 00 


Ward Rates 1865... 


.. 837 


59 


Warden's Salary ... 


480 00 


Arrears of do. for 1864 


.. 279 


08 


Ward Constables ... 


156 00 


Spirit Licenses 


.. 280 


00 


Postman... 


48 00 


Timber Licenses ... 


.. 127 


50 


Medicines, &c. 


25 00 


Sale of Cocoa grown on Crown 




Vaccination 


37 80 


Lands... 


.. 21 


35 


Miscellaneous 
Printing & Advertising 
Registering Births & Deaths 
Amount expended in Estab- 
lishing the " Right of Way" 
through the Henry Estate... 
Transfer to Road Funds 
Balance to credit Sept.30, 1865 

$ 
JAMES ATHERLl 


98 75 

39 40 

6 48 

913 91 

306 96 

49 41 




$2266 


71 


2266 71 


Audited. 






EY, 


St. PAUL LAFOUCADE, 






Warden. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



37 



North Naparima Ward Union. 

Abstract of Accounts of the North Naparima Ward from 1st October, 
1864, to 30tli September, 1865. 



Revenue. 






Expenditure. 




Balance 30tli Sept., 1864 


..$1217 


52 


Road Debt ... ...% 


709 28 


Ward Rates of Year 1865 


... 6737 


84 


Roads 


2916 68 


Ai-rears of Rates ... 


... 24 


57 


Education 


1077 46 


Spirit Licenses 


... 2065 


00 


Maintenance of Orj^hans ... 

Casual Relief 

Burial of Paupers ... 

Inquests... 

Printing and Advertising ... 

General Police 

Ward Constable ... 

Assistant Constables 

Vaccination 

Registry of Births & Deaths 

Patients in Hospitals 

Administration of Justice . . . 

Warden's Salary & Warden's 
Commissions 

Allowance to Receiver-Gene- 
ral for Clerk & Stationery 

Incidental Expenses 

Balance ... 


36 50 

67 80 

32 00 
239 20 

48 95 
686 00 
300 00 

14 80 
617 56 

71 76 
683 84 

42 80 

1046 52 

79 44 

2 40 

1423 64 


Audited by us. 













^•.S^'^'JAuauo. 


$10,097 


33 


Correct. $10,097 33 


■ 




F.A.GANTEAUME,Warden.- 





Abstract of Accounts 


of the SAVA2 


V A Grande Northern Ward 


Tom 1st 


October, 


1864, to the 30th September, 1865. 




Revenue. 






Expenditure. 




Balance 30th Sept., 1864 


...$1573 


15 


Road Debt ... ...$ 


327 08 


Ward Rates of Year 1865 


... 4589 


52 


Roads 


3109 90 


Arrears of Rates ... 


... 40 


92 


Education 


690 71 


Spirit Licenses 


... 805 


00 


Burial of Paupers ... 


5 00 


Licenses to cut Timber 


... 49 


50 


Inquests ... 


172 20 


Sundries... 


... 41 


04 


Printing and Advertising ... 

General Police 

Ward Constable ... 

Assistant Constables 

Registry of Births & Deaths 

Patients in Hospitals 

Administration of Justice . . . 

Warden's Salary & Warden's 
Commissions 

Vaccination 

Allowance to Receiver- Gene- 
ral for Clerk & Stationeiy 


33 30 

471 73 

168 00 

6 00 

17 76 
187 66 

75 00 

482 40 
547 84 

50 76 




S7099 


13 


Balance ... 

Correct, ^ 


753 79 




7099 13 


The Auditors did not attend. 





F.A.GANTEAUME.Warden.- 





38 



HISTORICAL AXD STATIilTICAL TIEW OF 



Abstract of Aec^uxTs of the Sayaxa Grande Southern Ward from 1st 
October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 



Revenue. , Expenditure. 


Balance 30th Sept., 1864 ...S18o0 33 


Road Debt ... ...$427 .54 


Ward Rates of Year 1865 ... 3957 40 


Roads ... ... ... 2841 62 


Arrears of Rates ... ... 147 14 


Education ... ... 1018 37 


Spirit Licenses ... ... 1330 00 


Casual Relief - ... ... 4 45 


Licenses to cut Timber ... 16 44 


Burial of Paupers... ... 10 00 




Inquests... ... ... 147 80 




Printing and Advertising ... 49 57 




General Police ... ... 457 47 




Ward Constable ... ... 192 00 




Assistant Constables ... 15 00 




Registry of Births & Deaths 70 72 




Patients in Hospitals ... 552 76 




Administration of Justice ... 134 72 




Warden's Salary ... | ^g 
Warden s Commissions j 






Vaccination ... ... 621 12 




Allowance to Receiver-Gene- 


■ 


ral for Clerk & Stationery 45 12 




Incidental Expenses ... 3C 




Balance ... ... ... 81 49 


S7301 31 


S7301 31 




r^ J 


J. B. FRANKLIN, Auditor. 


V, 01 1 eci, ' 

F. A. GANTEAUME, Warden. 


Arima Road Union. 


Abstract of Account for the Year 1864. 


Revenue. 


Expenditure. 


Total Amount Receiyed ...$10,272 15 


Total Amount Expended. ..$10,010 57 




Balance 30th Sept., 1864... 261 58 


$10,272 15 


$10,272 15 




Cedros Ward. 


Abstract of the Revenue and Expenditure of the Ward of Cedros, from 


1st October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 


Revenue. 


Expenditure. 


Balance to credit 1st Oct., 1864$ 868 64 


Transfer to Road Funds ...$1064 47 


Ward Rates for 1865 ... 5428 35 


Police, General ...$551 36 


Arrears of Ward Rates ... 9117 


Local ... 702 50= 1253 86 


Spirit Licenses ... ... 1610C0 


Education ... ... 517 56 


Timber Licenses ... ... 21 24 


Registration ... ... 69 80 


Sale of School Books ... 5 22 


Warden's Salary... 770 88 


Seizures under Ordinance No. 


Commission ... 578 17 


13, 1852, clause 17th ... 90 00 


TravellingExpenses 36 00= 1385 05 


Carried forward $8114 62 


■ 
Carried forward $4290 74 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



39 



Cedros Ward. — Continued. 



Revenue. 




Expenditure. 




Brought forward ... 


...$8114 62 


Brought forward ... 
Receiver General 


$4290 74 






Allowances 


72 00 






Commissioners of 








Assessment (2) 


250 00 






MedicalPractitioner 


720 00 






Paupers, Mainten- 








ance of inColonial 








Hospital ... 234 40 








Leper Asylum... 200 64 
Burial of ... 11 98= 


447 02 






Medicines 


50 00 






Criminal Justice... 


879 70 






Printing 

Repairs to Ward Buildings.. 

Vaccination 


48 15 

48 00 

978 64 






Insurance on Ward Buildings 


48 00 






Balance to credit Sept. 30,186c 


S7332 55 
» 782 07 



$8114 62 
Audited and found correct, 

IS AMBERT ROUSSEAU, 1 A a'-^ 
R. C. BENNETT, J ^^^"^rs. 

10th November, 1865. 



$8114 62 



HENRY HUGHES, 

Warden. 



La Brea & GuAPO Ward. 



Abstract of the Revenue and Expenditure of the Ward of La Brea and 
GuAPO from 1st October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 



Revenue. 




Expenditure. 




Ward Rates 


...$1381 38 


Debit balance on Sept. 301864 $457 74 


Arrears of Ward Rates 


... 90 36 


Transfer to Road Funds 


. 171 88 


Ward Rates not Assessed 


by 


Police, General... $168 81 




the Commissioners 


... 21 60 


Local ... 336 00- 


- 504 81 


Spirit Licenses ... 


... 330 00 


Education, Salaries 690 00 




Timber do. 


6 25 


Books 8 69= 


= 698 69 


Ward Properties sold 


... 30 68 


Registration. 


. 17 56 


School Books Sold... 


2 15 


Warden's Salary 189 09 
Commission 141 83 








TravellingExpenses 36 00- 


- 366 92 






Receiver General 






■ 


Allowances ... 


. 22 50 






Commissioners of 








Assessment (2) 

Carried forward 


. 150 00 


Carried forward ... 


...$1862 42 


$2390 10 



40 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



La Brea & GuAPO Ward. — Continued. 



Eevenue. 
Brought forward ... 



,.$1862 42 



SI 862 42 
BalancetodebitonSep.30,1865 918 30 



S2780 72 



Audited and found correct, 

D. GOUJON, Auditor. 
17th Nov., 1865. 





Expenditure. 


Brought 


forward 


S2390 10 


Paupers, Mainten- 




ance of inColonial 




Hospital 




13 92 


Relief... 


... 


38 90 


Burial. . 




6 60= 58 82 


Inquest . 




. . 43 83 


Medicines 




... 20 00 


Printing 




... 40 00 


Vaccination 


HENP 


... 228 00 




S2780 72 




.Y HUGHES, 






Warden. 



Tacarigua Ward Uxiox, 



Abstract of the Receipts and Expenditure of the Ward of St. Joseph, 
from 1st October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 



Revenue. 
Balanceinhand 1st Oct., 1864 S 676 25 
Ward Rates of 1865 ... 2547 76 

Arrears Ward Rates, 1864 ... 46 62 
Spuit Licenses ... ... 1080 00 



$4,350 73 



Expenditure. 
Road Debt Sinking Fund ...^ 
General Police 
Warden's Salary ... 
Warden's Commissions 
Education 
Ward Constables & Assistant 

Police Constables 
Relief to Paupers ... 
Burial of Paupers ... 
Maintenance of Paupers in 

Hospital 
Inquests... 

Registry of Births and Deaths 
Printing,Books & Advertising 
Miscellaneous Expenses 
Dispensaries 

Allowance toReceiver General 
Administration of Justice ... 
Vaccination 

Transfer to Road Funds 
Balance credit 30th Sept., 1865 



131 


90 


258 


21 


223 


80 


111 


90 


483 


85 


288 


50 


194 25 


34 


70 


192 


28 


110 


80 


48 48 


32 


28 


14 


00 


13 


10 


27 


60 


11 


70 



311 32 

1547 70 

314 36 

$4,350 73 



Audited. 



J. T. BOWEN, Warden. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



41 



Abstract of the Receipts and Expenditure of the Ward of Maracas 
from the 1st October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 



Kevenue. 


Expenditure. 




Balance inhand 1st Oct., 1864 S 795 89 


Road Debt Sinking Fund ...$ 


92 16 


Ward Rates of 1865. .. 2660 15 


General Police 


273 89 


Arrears Ward Rate, 1864 ... 75 66 


Warden's Salary ... 


237 00 


Spirit Licenses ... ... 420 00 


Warden's Commissions 


118 50 




Education 


461 00 




Ward Constables & Assistant 






Police Constables 


109 00 




Maintenance of Paupers in 






Hospital 


16 80 




Registry of Births & Deaths 


24 48 




Printing, Books & advertising 


31 63 




Miscellaneous Expenses 


12 00 




Allowance toReceiver General 


32 76 




Vaccination 


274 20 




Transfer to Road Funds 


1730 63 




Balance credit to Sept. 30,1865 

s 

J. T. BOWI 


537 65 


$3951 70 


3951 70 


Audited 


i^N, 


V. GOMEZ. 


Warden. 



Abstract uf the Receipts and Expenditure of the Ward of Tacarigua 
from 1st October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 



Revenue. 


Expenditure. 




Balancein hand 1st Oct., 1864 $1325 74 


Road Debt Sinking Fund ...$ 317 86 


Ward Rate of 1865 ...7008 41 


General Police 


1\4: 43 


Arrears Ward Rate, 1864 .. 120 00 


Warden's Salary ... 


619 20 


Spirit Licenses ... ... 3220 00 


Warden's Commissions 


309 60 




Education 


1078 30 




Ward Constables & Assistant 






Police Do. 


550 00 




Relief to Paupers ... 


206 00 




Burial of Paupers ... 


54 25 




Maintenance of Paupers in 






Hospital & Leper Asylum. . . 


959 32 




Inquests... 


256 80 




Registry of Births & Deaths 


92 68 




Printing, Books & advertising 


60 98 




Miscellaneous Expenses 


16 00 




Dispensaries 


30 80 




Allowance to ReceiverGeneral 


74 64 




Administration of Justice ... 


82 14 




Vaccination 


827 28 




Transfer to Road Funds 


4453 85 




Balance credit Sept. 30, 1865 
$1 
J. T. BOW] 


963 02 


$11,667 15 


1,667 15 


Audited 


EN, 


MUNRO PASEA. 


^Y 


irdcn. 



42 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



Abstilict of the Receipts and Expendituee of the "Ward of Caura fi-om 
the 1st October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 



Revenue. 




1 Expenditure. 




Balance in hand 1st Oct., 1864 S 500 


84 


I Road Debt Sinkii^g Fnnd ...$ 


62 58 


Ward Rates of 1865 ...2324 


59 


General Police 


242 37 


Arrears of Ward Rates, 1864 70 


29 


Warden's Salary ... 


210 00 


Spirit Licenses ... ... 175 


00 


Warden's Comnnssions 


105 00 






Education 


513 70 






Ward_ Constables & Assistant 








Police Do. 


104 00 






Inquests. .. 


33 60 






Registiy of Births & Deaths 


20 04 






Printing.Books & Advertising 


26 83 






Miscellaneous Expenses 


12 00 






Allowance to ReceiverGeneral 


23 04 






Vaccination 


291 20 






Transfer to Road Funds ... 


1161 71 


• 




Balance to credit Sept.30, 1865 

$ 


264 65 


$3070 


72 


3070 72 


Audited. 




J. T. BOWEN, 


HENRY JOHNSON. 




vr 


irden. 



Abstract of the Receipts and Expenditure of the Wai-d of Lower Caroni 
from the 1st October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 



Revenue. 

Balance inhaud 1st Oct., 1864 ift 651 68 
Ward Rates of 1865 ... 1672 81 

Arrears of Ward Rates, 1864 43 20 
Spirit Licenses ... ... 365 00 

Wood-cutting Licenses ... 6 66 



$2739 35 



Audited. 



Expenditure. 




Road Debt Sinking Fund ...$ 


46 41 


Genera] Police 


172 78 


Warden's Salary ... 


150 00 


Warden's Commissions 


75 00 


Ward & Assistant Constables 


101 59 


Maintenance of Paupers in 




Hospital 


23 04 


Inquests ... 


63 20 


Registry of Births & Deaths 


14 68 


Printing.Books & Advertising 


17 58 


Miscellaneous Expenses 


10 00 


Allowance to ReceiverGeneral 


15 00 


Administration of Justice ... 


4 40 


Vaccination 


101 36 


Transfer to Road Funds 


1576 73 


Balance to credit Sept. 30,1865 


367 57 


J.T. BOWI 


2739 35 


^N, 


Warden. 



the island of trixidad. 
South Naparima Ward Union. 



43 



South Naparima East Ward. 
Abstract of Accounts from 1st October, 1864, to SOth September, 1885. 

Revenue. | Expenditure. 

Balance at credit 1st Oct., 1864 $1075 01 Executive. 

Ward Rates 1865 ... ... 6781 111 Warden's Salary. ..$600 GO 

Additional Rates 1865 ... 2260 37; Warden's Commis- 

Spirit Licenses ... ... 595 00, sion ... ... 300 00 

Timber Licenses ... ... 81 79; Bailiff ... ... 60 00 

Arrears of Ward Rates 1864 45 24 Receiver -General's 

Allowance ... 67 32 



S10,838 52 



Audited. 

GEO. H. JONES. 
JOSIAH ROWBOTTOM. 



Printing 



Paupers. 






Hospital 


412 


10 


Burials ... 


30 00 


Relief of Destitute 


48 


00 



40 00 S1067 32 



490 10 



Justice. 
General Police ... 680 10 
Criminal Prosecu- 
tions ... ... 44 02 

Inquests ... 208 40 

Constables ... 11 40 



Education. 

Teacher's Salary... 432 00 

School Rent ... 180 00 

School Furnitui'e... 6 90 



943 92 



618 90 



Roads. 
Road Debt ... 368 10 

Transfers from 
Wards ...3978 76 4346 86 



Registration. 
Registration of 
Births and Deaths 46 96 



46 96 



Vaccinations. 
Vaccinations 

Balance at Credit 
30th Sept., 1865... 



640 56 640 56 



2683 90 
$10,838 52 



JOHN PERCY, 

Warden. 



44 historical and statistical tiew of 

South Naparima West AYard. 
Abstract of Accounts from 1st October, 1864, to SOth September, 1865. 



Revenue. 

Balance at credit 1st Oct.,1864S5286 12 

Ward Rates 1865... ...6042 68 

Additional Rates 1865 ... 1007 11 

Spirit Licenses ... ... 1015 00 

Timber Licenses ... ... 19 66 

Arrears of Ward Rates 1864 12 15 



Expenditure. 
Executive. 
Warden's Salaiy...S600 00 
Warden's Commis- 
sion ... ... 300 00 

Bailiff ... ... 345 00 

Receiver- General's 

Allowance ... 68 76 

Printing ... 39 42 $1353 18 



Paupers. 
Hospitals ... 452 48 

Bm-ials... ... 5 00 

Relief of Destitute 457 48 



I Justice. 

General Police ... 605 37 
Criminal Prosecu- 
tions ... ... 161 26 

Inquests ... 203 20 

Constables ... 12 00 



Education. 

Teacher's Salary ... 432 00 

School Rent ... 180 00 

School Furniture... 5 50 



Roads. 

Road Debt ... 400 56 

Repayment of In- 
terest of Loan 

Transfers from 
Ward ... ...6646 64 



$13382 72 



Ko Auditors attended, al- 
though duly notified. 



Registration. 
Registration of 
Births and Deaths 36 92 



Vaccination. 
Vaccination 



... 277 68 



Balance at Credit 
30th Sept., 1865... 



981 83 



617 50 



i047 20 



36 92 



2610 93 
$13,382 72 



JOHN PERCY, 
Warden. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



45 



"Ward of Oropouche. 
Abstract of Accounts from 1st October, 1864, to 30th September, 1865. 



Revenue. i Expenditure. 

Balance at credit 1st Oct., 1864$ 475 29 Executive. 
Ward Rates 1865... ... 2175 15 Warden's Salary ...$240 00 



Additional Rates 1865 
Spirit License 
Timber License ... 
Arrears of Ward Rates 1864 



1086 56. 
630 00| 

47 531 
00 00 



$4412 53 



No Auditors attended, al- 
though duly notified. 



Warden's Commis- 
sion 120 00 

Bailiff 192 00 

Receiver-General's 

Allowance ... 25 68 

Printing ... 36 40 



S614 08 



197 40 



Justice. 

General Police ... 221 08 
Criminal Prosecu- 
tions ... ... 00 00 

Inquests ... 25 60 

Constables ... 14 50 261 18 



Paupers. 




Hospital 


192 40 


Burials... 


5 00 


Relief of Destitute 


00 00 



Education. 

Teacher's Salary... 
School Rent 
School Furniture... 


384 00 

120 00 

4 95 


508 95 


-loads. 

Repayment of In- 
terest of Loan ... 

Road Debt 

Transfers from 
Ward ... 


00 00 
201 62 

925 60 


1127 22 



Registration. 
Registration of 
Births and Deaths 33 84 



33 84 



Vaccination. 
Vaccinations 

Balance at Credit 
30th Sept., 1865... 



239 24 239 24 



1430 62 
S4412 53 



JOHN PERCY, 

Warden. 



46 



HISTOR"^ AL AXD STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



Return shewing the number of acres in each crop, the number of acres in 
uncultivated land, in each Ward Union, and the total acreage alienated in 
the year 1862:— 





No. Acres in each 


Crop. 


Uncultiva'd 




Ward 




Coffee. 


ni « 


Coco- 
nuts. 


S 


Total 


Total 

Acreage 

Alienated. 


Union. 


Canes. 


Cocoa. 
Cotton 


|.2 
o > 


1 


in 
Crop. 


Land. 


Arima ... 


410 


3,819 


775 


... 


296 


5,300 


22,087 


27,387 


Couva ... 


7,964 


1,050 


1,976 


... 


1,646 


12,636 


32,610 


45,246 


Cedros ... 


2,247 


502 


693 


143 


516 


4,101 


17,270 


21,371 


D. Martin 


1,126 


1,030 


1,055 


... 


453 


3,664 


20,120 


23,784 


Mayaro .. 


53 


... 


120 


1,202 


66 


1,441 


9,304 


10,745 


N. Nap. .. 


8,757 


17 


1,299 


... 


673 


10,746 


10,033 


20,779 


S. Nap. .. 


9,237 


7 


332 




966 


10,542 


11,722 


22,264 


St. Ann .. 


1,760 


2,964 


1,573 


... 


625 


6,922 


15,799 


22,721 


Tacarigua 


5,095 


3,468 


1,198 


... 


1,079 


10,840 


24,664 


35,504 


Toco ... 


... 


1,029 


730 


... 


... 


1,759 


3,333 


5,092 


Moruga .. 


90 


352 


163 


... 


36 


641 


848 


1,489 


Total ... 


36,7391 14,238 


9,914 


1,345 


6,356 


68,592 


167,790 


236,382 



Total acreage of Island 
Alienated as above ... 

Unalienated 



1,122,880 
236,382 

886,498 



SOIL OF THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



Few parts of the world present such a variety of soil for its space as Trini- 
dad. The following is a brief enumeration of its principal characteristics ; 
this must be taken with considerable allowance for generalization — as amidst 
the most productive spots small tracts of comparative sterility are to be found, 
and amidst the least fertile districts are to be met with lands of surpassmg 
luxuriance. 

The northern mountainous districts of Trinidad — which comprise the quar- 
ters of Chaguaramas, Carenage, Diego Martin, Mucurapo, Maraval, Tragarete, 
St. Ann's, Santa Cruz, Maraccas, Las Cuevas, Caura, and the mountains called 
Cabeceros — are in general the least productive parts of the Island, although 
in the vegas or hollows of the rivers, in the valleys, and even on the sides and 
summits of the mountains, there is found excellent cocoa land, although the 
cocoa tree requires the richest soil and one of considerable depth, on account 
of its tap root. The soil in the north of the Island in general, although not 
unproductive, is superficial ; yet there is no part of it but will bear all kinds of 
inter-tropical vegetables commonly used for the sustenance of man. On the 
forest hills manioc, fine tobacco, castorseed and ginger might be raised ad- 
vantageously ; but this will not be the case until Trinidad possess a tolerably 
dense population. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 47 

The valleys in general have good although not deep soil ; they are conti- 
nually being fertilized by the masses of lime with vs^hich the overhanging 
mountains abound; these are continually being calcined by the powerful rays 
of the sun; hence the torrents that rush down upon the plains are strongly 
impregnated with calcareous carbonate. 

Along the banks of the Aripo, Guanapo, Caroni, and the San Juan, which 
include the quarters of Arima, Arouca, Tacarigua, St. Joseph, and San Juan, 
the soil is deep, and what is technically called brisk mould, mixed with sand: 
it is well adapted to the cultivation of the sugar cane. 

Chaguanas.— This has a rather deep alluvial soil near the sea, of that light 
colour and quality which is here denominated crab land, from the fact of the 
land crabs burrowing in it. Its surface is a mixture of clay, marl, sand and 
saline matter. Towards the interior the soil becomes darker and of an unc- 
tions appearance, while the little streams that flow through it bear the appear- 
ance of being impregnated with the oxide of iron. This land has strongly the 
appearance of having been raised at no remote period from the Gulf. It can 
be appropriated to all kinds of West India culture. 

Barencon, Cascajal, Carapichaima, Couva, and Savonetta. — The soil of these 
districts is rather superficial, although here and there it has spots of the finest 
vegetable mould ; in general it has a light marly surface, mixed with a little 
sand. This land produces tolerably good canes, which make sugar of excellent 
quality. Coffee might here be grown with advantage. 

The plains lying at the back of these quarters are still in wood, but the soil 
is of much the same quality as the cultivated plains in front, until the vicinity 
of Montserrat is approached ; this mountain, abounding in limestone, ferti- 
lizes the lands lying immediately beneath it. 

Poiute-a-Pierre. — The soil of this quarter partakes of the nature of that of 
Couva, but is deeper, and has more sand. The uncultivated lands at the back 
of this quarter resemble the peculiar soil of Naparima. 

North and South Naparima, and Savanna Grande. — The inhabitants of 
these fertile quarters distinguish two kinds of soil; one they denominate Sepe- 
tarre, from trees so called found growing on it ; the other they call Figuer, 
from the variety of wild fig trees which it produces. Both these are luxuriant, 
the latter remarkably so ; the former has a dark reddish appearance, the latter 
is a mixture of deep chocolate colour and black ; both are very deep. During 
the dry season this soil crumbles into powder on being touched, and in wet 
weather it turns to heavy, deep and adhesive mud, hence there is great diffi- 
culty in making good roads in these quarters. The mud of Naparima stains 
the skin with a dye that is too permanent to be easily removed- 

Oropouclie. — A deep marl and loamy soil, mixed here and there with sul- 
phur, and particles of asphaltum, very productive. 

La Brea, and for miles round, has deep loamy mould mixed with asphaltum, 
petroleum, and sulphur. It need scarcely be added that this land is most 
fertile. 



48 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL TIEW OF 

Guapo. — The same as La Brea, but the soil is not so deep and is less mixed 
with the produce of the Asphaltum Lake. This ceases to mingle with the soil 
at the Irois River. 

Irois and Cedros. — Cold yellow clay mixed with sand and marl. 

Hicacos and Caymade. — Loose and deep sand mixed with shells ; here and 
there patches of deep vegetable mould immediately beneath the surface ; the 
land abounds in springs. The sandy soil is found most productive, although 
to a stranger it does not appear so. 

Between Caymade and Erin is a rich tract of morass land, which however 
might easily be drained and cultivated. 

Erin. — Loam, marl, and sand ; abounding in springs, but the soil is rather 
superficial. 

Moruga. — Deep vegetable mould resembling the best soil of Naparima ; 
around the slender cultivation of this quarter are miles of the most luxuriant 
land covered with virgin forests. 

Guayaguayare. — Yellow clay mixed with sand. 

Along the margin of the Eastern Coast the soil resembles the mixed sand 
and shells of Hicacos, and is very productive. Towards the interior, and 
along the banks of the fine Rivers Guatuaro, Nariva, and Le Branche, the soil 
partakes of the nature of the Figuer lands of Naparima. 

Mayaro. — Loose sand and shells mixed here and there with marl and lime. 
Along the banks of the Eastern Oropouche the soil is deep ; it is mixed sand 
and loam of the richest description. This quarter is little known, and less 
cultivated, but is most fertile. 

From Point Mayaro to Gallera, the same. 

I have thus given a summary, and I fear an imperfect view of the various 
soils in the Island, or such of its districts as are known. The worst that can 
be said of the lands is, that they seldom make good pasture ; this is peculiarly 
the case in some of the most fertile districts, such as Naparima. 

It is a remarkable fact, that all the vegetable products of the Tropics, whe- 
ther exotic or indigenous, including the spices of the East, thrive in Trinidad 
with a luxuriance that is equalled in few places and no where surpassed, save 
alone the Guinea grass : the most barren islets of the Grenadines surpass us in 
raising this herbage so necessary for cattle. The Guinea grass, it is true, can 
be raised without much trouble, but it seldom grows here from the seed, and 
save in the northern part of the Island, it does not take durable possession of 
the soil. 

The best of our pastures are the natural savannas : here animals thrive on a 
coarse-looking grass called Foxtail. The want of good pastures in many parts 
of the Island is not so much felt, on account of our proximity to the Main, 
whence are continually imported great quantities of oxen and mules. 

A stranger, in looking at the surface of much of our land, would scarcely 
judge it to be so productive as it is. A planter from one of the old English 
Colonics avsked nic once at llicaco.s, if 1 called that mass of sand good land ; by 



TttE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 49 

Way of answer, I pointed to an object that chance threw in my way — this was 
a long sugar cane that had fallen by accident on the ground, and had been 
allowed to remain there in a state of neglect. Not only the plant or upper part 
of this cane, but every eye of it was sending forth shoots of such luxuriance 
as made the planter confess that the greatest care and most skilful culture 
could not raise the like in the Island whence he came. 

Doubtless much of the fertility of this Island depends on its climate as well 
as its soil. Its seasonable and heavy falls of rain agree with the cultivation of 
the cane. A planter in the quarter of Guapo thatched a small out-building 
with cane leaves, to some of which were attached the plants or upper part of 
the canes ; to his astonishment, from those plants sprung up a quantity of 
healthy sprouts. These actually vegetated on the top of his out-house, without 
any other nourishment from the earth than a little soil accidentally attached 
to the plants. This occurrence took place on Clifton Hill Estate, the property 
of C. Libert, Esquire ; the event, however, is not singular. 

It was related in a neighbouring Island some years since, that in Trinidad 
canes frequently ratooned for 20 years. This assertion was looked on as so 
marvellous, that I did not like to repeat it, although my fellow- colonists can 
truly vouch that, had I said thirty years, I should not have exaggerated. It 
must however be understood, that these observations apply only to new and 
very rich tracts of land ; new lands of ordinary quality give about ten ratoons, 
old lands of good soil ratoon eight times, while old and inferior soil is allowed 
here to ratoon five years. 



ROADS. 



There are in Trinidad exclusive of beach-roads, about 193 miles of cart= 
roads, and about 216 miles of bridle -roads, making a total of 409 miles. The 
average annual amount raised for, and expended on the Roads is about 
$70,000 — £14,583 6s. 8d. sterling— this includes the ordinary repairing and 
mending of Bridges, as well as the building of new Bridges of moderate 
demensions. The three Iron Bridges on the Eastern Road, the Caroni, and 
Guaracara, Musquito Creek, and Godineau's Bridges are not included in the 
above. The three Eastern Bridges cost about £12,850 stg., or between £28 
and £29 per running foot. During the dry season, of course, all the Roads are 
generally in a good passable order, but in the wet months, and particularly at 
the beginning and immediately after Crop, all the Roads are so much cut up 
and otherwise damaged, as to be almost impracticable for carts and for heavy 
laden animals — out of about 54 miles of Coated Roads, scarcely more than 30 
remain solid and in passable order at all times. The following materials 
are chiefly used for coating Roads in Trinidad: First. — Broken lime-stone^ 
from the quarries about Port-of-Spain and Laventille. Second. — River gravel 
and sand. Third. — In some locality shingle and pebbles taken from the eea 
beach. Foui-th.— Marly gravel taken from the San Fernando hill. Fifth.— 
Metal and pebbles from the quarries and pits about and in the Mission U 



50 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

Savanna Grande. Sixth.-— Broken pitch has also been used on the Road 
through the Oropouche Lagoon, and on the line between Oropouche and 
La Brea. Seventh.— Some quartz stones, broken into metal and mixed with 
a sort of slate and marl, or with river sand, are much used in the St. Ann's 
Road Union. The metal, No. 1, above, is supplied mainly from the Royal 
Gaol, Port- of- Spain, at the rate of 2/0 per box of 18 cubic feet, and is laid 
on the Eastern Road at an average of ($40) forty dollars per 100 feet. Nos. 
2, 3, & 7, are carted and spread on the Roads (about 12 feet wide and 4 
inches thick), at an average of cost of ($7) seven dollars per 100 feet. No. 4, 
ranges according to the distance from the pits, between thirty dollars and forty 
dollars per 100 feet ; and No. 5, between seventy dollars and eighty dollars, 
including the blasting and breaking of metal and digging of pebbles. The 
average wages of labourers employed on the Roads are as follows : per 
diem, from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m., sixty cents ; for task work, opening drains and 
cutlassing sides, per 100 feet, from fifty cents to one dollar. Round-ridging 
and shaping roads, opening drains, &c., per 100 feet of road, from one dollar 
and a-half to three dollars. Cutlassing and cleaning bye-roads through thinly 
populated districts, and not used for cartage of produce, ten dollars per 
quarree (3 l-5th acres), which, if the road is 25 feet wide, gives less than 
twenty cents per 100 feet. There are besides labourers employed raking 
metal and filling up holes, &c., &c., at an average, as stated above, of sixty 
cents, with overlookers, at one dollar per diem. In some of the Ward Unions 
where there are Licensed Prisons, the prisoners are employed on the roads 
by the Wardens at the rate of one shilling per diem. The Lagoon Road, 
two miles long, was made in 1853, across the Grand Lagoon of Oropouche, and 
connecting the Naparimas' with the Southern Districts of the Island. The 
Road across the Caroni Savanna was begun in February, 1864, under the 
special superintendence of Mr. S. Devenish, and is now in a fair way of pro- 
gress ; its length from the Caroni River to Chaguanas High Road is seven 
miles by a breadth of 24 feet ; its estimated cost is $8,000. As far back as in 
1 804 it was contemplated to unite the Rivers Oropouche and Caroni by a Canal, 
the length of which was measured and found to be 87,882 feet, and it would 
require 112,910 cubic yards of digging — from the Oropouche River at four 
miles distance from the sea, joining the Caroni River — both sides from the 
River Oropouche to the upper part of Caroni River, almost all being Crown lands. 
By an order of Government, Mr. P. de Labarrere surveyed the spot, and part 
of his report states : " Plus d'une parti de I'interieur de I'isle Trinite pour servir 
^ I'etablisment du projet d'un canal de navigation, qui joint droit la mer de Test k 
celle de Touest. Carte reduitte au sixieme sur le grand plan original fait 
suivant calcule en 1804." The estimated cost of carrying out the work was 
$123,662 47c. Sir Charles Elliot fully intended, had he remained in the island, 
to have commenced the work, for which purpose he had preparations made by 
Mr. I). Hart, the Superintendent of Prisons for carrying out the measure by 
convict labour. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 51 

CALCULATION FOR MACADAMIZING ONE MILE OF ROAD. 

1 Mile of Road, or 1760 yards, will take 1760 boxes of metal, being one box 

to the yard. 
1 Box of metal measures 18 cubic feet, nett weight of the same, being 

1548 It). 
1 barrel of metal weighs 300 lbs. nett. 

It takes 26 cubic feet of metal for one ton . 
1 Cart-load is 13| cubic foet, or in weight, 1160 tbs. 

Cost of one ton of metal delivered on the Queen's Wharf, for trans- 
portation to San Fernando : 

2 loads of metal 80 cents. 

Cartage to Wharf . . 48 „ $128 

Freight to San Fernando, say, equal to 7| brls., 

at20c. perbrl , SI 50 

Cost landed at San Fernando $2 78 



Thus 1760 boxes metal, being for one mile of road ; and 1760 boxes, being 
equal to 2340 loads, it would cost (exclusive of cartage of the metal from San 
Fernando Wharf, to the spot where required) to metal one mile of road as 
under : 

1760 Boxes metal equal in weight to 2,724,480 lbs., 

or equal to 2340 loads at 4.0c. per . . . , §936 OO 
Cartage of Do., from Quarry to Queen's Wharf, 

at 24c. per 561 60 

Freight to San Fernando at 75c. per 1755 00 

Cost for 1 mile, or for 1216 tons of metal $3252 60 

Cartage of 2340 loads metal from the San Fernando 
Wharf, at 25c. per load per mile, say, distance 
of 5 miles at SI 25c., per is 2925 00 



S6177 60 
Cost of one mile of road at at a distance of five miles from the San Fernando 
Wharf $6177 50. The dimensions of the roads being 15 feet across, and one 
yard or 3 feet in depth, and the metal laid on four inches thick. 

The price given for cartage is such as would have to be paid where carts are 
hired, but it would be an object for carts and mules to be purchased at the 
expense of the Ward, and this would tend very considerably to decrease the 
above note of expenses. And by an arrangement with the captain of a dro- 
gher, there is no doubt that the freight would also be obtained at a less rate. 
It has been asserted that metal could be imported from Europe, and landed 



5^ HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL YIEW OF 

at San Fernando at a less cost than from Port-of-Spain. A statement of this 
was obtained, and the following is the result : — 

1216 Tons metal delivered at San Fernando, at 27 shillings 

per ton, being equal to $6 48c. per or . . *... . . $7879 68 
Cost, as within given Statement 3252 60 



Difference in purchasing at Trinidad $4627 08 

Brturn showing the Taxation oe the Colony for the Year 1862, 
the average rate of Taxation per head, and the proportion which Taxation 
bears to Sugar and other Produce reduced to its eq-aivalent in Sugar, 
per hogshead, for the same year. 

£ s. d. £ s d. 

Total General Revenue for 1862 .,. 199,372 8 5 

Wharfage under Ordinance No. 22 of 1858 and 

22ofXS61 7,201 17 4| 206,574 5 9| 



Less the foil owing sums "which form no part 
of Taxation applied to General Bevenue 
— viz. : 
For Amount of deposits by return Coolies, 

wrongly placed to Immigration 
„ Charter Party Penalty re the "Wacousta" 
„ Payment on account of balance due by 

late Immigration Agent at Calcutta ... 
,, Land Sales 
,, Land Revenue 

„ Sale of Government Property 
„ Fees per Colonial Hospital ... 
„ „ San Fernando Hospital 

„ ., Leper Asylum 

„ Cofnns sold, hire of prisoners, &c., Royal 

Gaol 
., Fees per Qusen's Collegiate School 
„ „ Bovs' Model School 

„ Girls' do. 

„ Gunpowder Dues 
„ Sale of ''Laws of Trinidad" 
„ Do. of " Colonial Office List" 
„ Contribution from Wards towards General 

Police 
„ Books furnished to Ward Schools 
„ Repayment of advances made in England . . . 
„ Sale of Gunpowder seized 
„ Do. of wood recovered from wreck 
„ Interest on South Naparima Western 

Ward Debentures 
„ Do. on South Naparima Western Road 

Union do. 
,. Do. Dividend on Reduced 3 per cents ... 
„ Do. on Exchequer Bills 
„ Irois Forest 
„ Saw Mill 
., Wash House and Bath House Dues 



2,692 1 


9 


500 





100 


a 


137 15 





124 


8 


266 14 


6| 


1,774 3 


11 


1,246 16 


^ 


264 1 





682 5 





714 10 


2- 


30 5 


u. 


61 13 


4 


79 6 


0|: 


3 3 





3 7 





2,144 12 


2 


160 1 


lOi 


20 





48 15 


H. 


157 15 


10 


117 10 





162 





1,036 5 


7 


25 19 


9 


708 4 


10|. 


430 9 


8 


262 9 


10 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 53 

£ s. d. £ s. d. 

For Ward Road Advances— Rent Charge ... 303 9 2^ 

„ Contributions from Wards towards re- 
payment of Royal Road Debt ... 977 13 9 

„ Instalment on accomit of San Fernando 

Wharf ... ... ... 300 

„ Repayment of Loan per Owners of 

Steamer ... ... ... 950 

„ Tnstalment'on account of Advances made 
to Tacarigua and St. Ann's Road Unions 
for Bridges 

„ Commissioners of the Cipero Tramroad... 

„ Do. Chaguanas Do.... 

„ South Xaparima Western Road Union.. 

„ Tramroad Debentures ... ... 7,000 28,988 10 5 



1,100 








3,654 


18 


11 


448 








300 








7,000 









Total Taxation for 1862 ... ' ... ... 177,585 15 4 

Less Immigration £41,651, 9s. 6d., from which deduct 
£500, Charter Party Penalty re the " Wacousta" — 
£100 Payment on account of balance due by the late 
Emigration Agent at Calcutta, and £2,692 Is. 9d. De- 
posits by retui-n Coolies, wrongly placed to Immigration... 38,359 7 9 

Taxation, less amount raised for Immigration purposes, in 1862 

Taxation raised under the head of General Revenue for 1862 
Do. under the head of Local Revenue for 1862 

Total Taxation from all sources for 1862 

Taxation for 1862, exclusive of Local Taxes 

Taxation for 1862, less the taxation levied for Immigration 

purposes 
Taxation for 1862, exclusive of Local Taxes and Taxes levied 

for Immigration purposes .. . 

Population, 84,438. 

Average Rate of Taxation per head from all sources 
Do. Do. exclusiv-e of Local Taxes 

Do. Do. exclusive of Taxes raised for 

Immigration purposes ... ... ... ... 2 18^ 

Do. Do. exclusive of Local Taxes and 

Taxes raised for Immigration purposes ... ... 1 12 11^ 

Produce eor the Year 1862, equivalent to 60,300 Hogsheads Sugar. ' 



139,226 


7 


H 


17/, 585 
36,917 











214,502 








177,585 








176,143 








139,226 








2 
2 


10 
2 





Proportion which Taxation bears to Sugar and other Pi-oduce 

reduced to its equivalent in Sugar, per hhd., for 1862 ... 3 11 1| 

Do. Do. exclusive of Local Taxes ... ... 2 18 lOj 

Do. Do. exclusive of Taxes raised for Immigration 

purposes ... ... ... ... ... 2 18 5 

Do- Do. exclusive of Local Taxes and Taxes raised 

for Immigration purposes ... ... ... ... 262 

Proportion of Immigration Taxes to produce, per hogshead ... 12 8|: 

R, RUSSELL. Auditor-GeneraL 



54 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

Return showing the Taxation of the Colony for the Year 1863, the 
average rate of Taxation per head, and the proportion which Taxation 
bears to Sugar and other Produce reduced to its equivalent in Sugar per 
hogshead for the same year. 

£ s. d. £ s. d. 

General Revenue for 1863 ... ... 184,377 19 8| 

Wharfage under Ordinance No. 22, of 1858, 

and No. 22, of 1861 ... ... ... 6,720 8 0^ 191,098 7 9 

Less the following sums, which form no • 

part of the Taxation applied to Ge- 
neral Revenue — viz. : 
For payment on account of balance due by the 

late Emigration Agent at Calcutta ... 88 1 9 

„ Refund of Emigration fees for Liberated 

Africans ... ... ... 99 3 4 

„ Do. of Money for the passage of two 

Interpreters ... ••• ... 25 16 

„ Penalty on the owners of the Utopia ... 500 
„ Land Sales ... ... ... ... 219 8 6 

,, Land Revenue ... ... ... 135 3 

„ Fees per Colonial Hospital ... ... 1,650 16 3 

„ Do. per San Fernando do. ... ... 1,413 4 11 

„ Do. per Leper Asylum ... ... 223 10 

,, Coffins sold, Hire of Prisoners, &c., Royal 

Gaol ... ... ... ... 1,001 18 0§ 

„ Fees per Queen's Collegiate School ... 673 8 4 
„ Do. per Model and Female Schools ... 77 2 1 

„ Gunpowder Dues ... ... ... 94 

„ Contributions from Wards towards Gene- 
ral Police . . ... ... 2,226 13 6^ 

„ Do. from do. towards Royal Road Debt 977 13 9 
„ Repayment of sundry amounts paid by the 
Government, &c., and brought to ac- 
count under the head of " Miscellane- 
ous Receipts" ... ... ... 131 14 5 

„ Interest on Investments for Sinking Fund 

of Guaranteed Loan, &c. ... ... 1,468 9 

„ Irois Forest (sale of Wood) ... ... 1,506 16 8 

„ Wash-house and Bath-house Dues ... 222 15 6 

„ Sale of Water Pipes (Port of-Spain Water 

Works) 196 17 3^ 

„ Instalments San Fernando Wharf ... 600 

„ Instalment on account of Advances made 

to Tacarigua Road Union for Bridges 733 6 8 
„ Do. St. Ann's Road Union for Bridges... 366 13 4 
„ Repayment of Advances made to Commis- 
sioners of Cipero Tramroad... ... 4,523 7 1 

„ Do. to Commissioners of Chaguanas Tram- 
road ... ... ... ... 448 

„ Do. to Commissioners of Guaracara Tram- 
road ... ... ... ... 1.088 

„ Repayment by South Napariraa Western 
Road Union for Redemption of De- 
bentures... ... ... ... 300 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 56 

£ s. d. £ s. d. 

For Do. by Santa Cruz and South Naparima 
Eastern Wards for Ward Roads Ad- 
vances ... ... ... ... 293 12 6 

„ Cash received for Tramroad Debentures 

issued ... ... ... ... 6,000 

„ Do. for South NaparimaWestern Ward do. 1,000 

„ Proceeds of Sale of an Exchequer Bill held 
by the Colonial Land and Emigration 
Commissioners ... ... ... 1,000 19 10 29,286 9 0| 



£161,811 18 8^ 
Taxation raised under the head of General Revenue for 1863... 
Less Immigration, £22,247 15s. 4d., from which deduct pay- 
ment on account of balance due by the late Emigration 
Agent at Calcutta, £88 Is. 9d. — Refund of Emigration 
fees for liberated Africans, £99 3s. 4. — Do. of passage 
money of two Interpreters, £25 16s., and penalty on 
the owners of the Utopia, £500 ... ... ... 21,534 14 3 



Taxation under General Revenue, less amount raised for Im- 
migration purposes for 1863 ... ... ... 140,277 4 5i 



Taxation raised under the head of General Revenue for 1863 161,811 
Do. under the head of Local Revenue for 1863... 38,661 



Taxation from all sources for 1863 ... ... ... 200,472 

Taxation for 1863, exclusive of Local Taxes ... ... 161,811 

Taxation for 1863, less the amount levied for Immigration 

purposes ... ... ... ... ... 178,938 

Taxation for 1863, exclusive of Local Taxes and Taxes levied 

for Immigration purposes ... ... ... 140,277 



Population — 84,438. 



Average rate of Taxation per head from all sources ... 2 7 6 
Do. do., exclusive of Local Taxes ... 1 18 4 
Do. do., exclusive of Taxes raised for Im- 
migration purposes ... ... ... ... 2 2 4^ 

Do. do., exclusive of Local Taxes and Taxes 

raised for Immigration purposes ... ... ... 1133 

Produce for the Year 1863, equivalent to 65,270 Hogsheads of Sugar. 



Proportion which Taxation bears to Sugar and other Produce, 

reduced to its equivalent in Sugar per hogshead, for 1863 3 15 

Do. do., exclusive of Local Taxes ... ... ... 2 9 7 

Do. do., exclusive of Taxes raised for Immigration pur- 
poses ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 14 10 

Do. do., exclusive of Local Taxes and Taxes raised for 

Immigration purposes ... ... ... ... 230 

Proportion of Immigration Taxes to produce per hogshead ... 6 7 

R. RUSSELL, Auditor-General. 



56 



mSTORtCAL AND STATISTICAL VlE\V OF 



The Taxes in 1746, made Payable In Provisions, the peice being regu- 
lated ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING TARIFF. 



Indian Corn the fanega 110 lbs. in town 
„ „ „ „ Country 

1 Cake of Cassava 2 lbs. 
The Quarilla of Manioc 
l|lb Fresh Pork ... 
1 tb of Salt ... 

1 tb Beef ... 

lb of Salt Beef ... 
Hen 

Capon ... 
Cock ... 
Duck .. 
large Chicken 
middle sized do. ... 
large Caroma Fish 
middle sized do. 
An Aroba 25 lbs. fresh Fish ... 

2 lbs. ditto 

The Miller 3| lbs. of Peas ... 

Ditto of Rice in shell 

Ditto of Rice cleared 
1 Case-bottle of Molasses 
1 lb of Sugar 
lib of Black Wax ... 
1 Case-bottle of Fish Oil 
1 do. of Hogs' Lard ... 

3 lbs. of Ginger 
1 Turkey Cock 

do. Hen 

Aroba of good Tobacco 

large Water Melon 

middle sized ones 

large Musk Melon 

small ones 

Eggs ... 
8 Avocado Pears ... 
12 large Sugar Canes 

1 bunch of Plantains 

2 Pine Apples 
2 Coconuts 



8 


Reals. 


6 




1 




2 




2 




1 


» 


1 




1 




1 




3 




3 




2 




4 




1 


» 


i 




n 




1 




6 




1 




2 




li 




1 




u 




3 




3 




2 




4 




6 




1 




9 




6 




3 


Dollars 


2 


Real. 



DUTIES PAYABLE AT THE CUSTOM HOUSE 
Upon all Goods, Wares and Merchandize Imported into this Colony. 



Animals (living) viz : 
Asses ... ... each 

Calves and Goats each 
Oxen, Cows, Bulls each 
Mules . . . . each 

Sheep . . . . each 



£ 


s. 


d. 





2 


1 





1 








2 


1 


1 











2 






Animals (living) viz : 
Lambs . . . . each 

Swine and Hogs each 
Kids & Pigs (sucking) ea 
Horses, Mares, Geld- 
ings, Colts & Foals, 



2 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



57 



Bricks -Shingles . . . . . . , . the 1000 

Butter — Chocolate . . . . . . the lb. 

Candles, TaUow . . ... .. ., the 100 lbs. 

„ Wax, Sperm, Composition, and all others, . . the 100 lbs. 
Carriages on springs, four wheeled, . . . . each 

„ „ two wheeled, . . . . ,, 

Cheese, Cocoa, Coffee, . . . . . , the 100 tbs. 

Coals — Lime, (Building . , . . the hhd. 

„ loose . . ... . . the ton 

Com, Oats# Peas and Beans . . .. the bushel 

Cotton, Linen, Wool, Manufactures of. or mixed (ex- ) for evrj- 

cept with Silk) — Leather (except gloves) j £100 

Crackers, and other Bread Stuffs, . . . . the barrel 

Engines — Machinery, Sugar Pans, and apparatus, ) for evei-j' 

Lime(Temper)—Manui-es— Draining Tiles j £100 

Fish, dried or salted — Soap .. .. ... the 100 lbs. 

Fish, Pickled .. ... ... .. the bai-rel 

Flour ... ... .. thebrl.ofl961bs. 

Gunpowder . , ... . . ... the lb. 

Hair, Manufactures of Hair, Goat's wool, or mixed — 
Iron, Manufactures of. Copper, Brass, Tin, Lead, or 
Zinc, mixed or unmixed 
Lard . , 

Lumber, "VATiite, Spruce, and Pitch Pine 
Malt Licjuor, in wood 

„ in bottles, the dozen quart bottles and so in proportion 
Matches Lucifer — every gross of boxes (not more than 1 20) each 
Meal or other Floui- not Wheaten . . ... the barrel 

J J )5 ..• ... . . the puncheon 

Meat, salted or cui-ed ... . . . . the 100 lbs. 

Molasses . . ... ... . . the gallon 

Muskets, Guns, Fowling Pieces, Gun barrels, Gun stocks each 

Oil, Olive 

Opium ... .. .. 

Pitch— Tar 
Rice ... 
Shooks 

Silk, Manufactures of Silk, or silk mixed— Pvibbons — ] 
Gloves and Haberdashery — Jewellery and Watches ] 
Spirits, Strong Waters, Liquors and CV)rdials 
Staves 

Sugar, Refined or not 
Tea .. 

Tiles— Pan Tiles and other Poofing Tiles 
Paving Tiles 
Marble Tiles 
Tobacco — Unmanufactured . . 

Manufactured, Negro-head, Cavendish & Snuff 
Cigars ... 
Turpentine, Spirit of .. ... ,, 

Wtnes in Wood— French, Sherry, Madeira, Port, V 
and other Wines not enumerated j 

„ Vin de Cote 



1 


2 1 
6 1 





3 





5 
1 

21 



5 





30 






for every 
£100 "^ 

the 100 lbs. 
the 1000 ft. 
the 64 galls. 















^ 
10 

1 

2 6 

5 
3| 



2 6 

6 3 
10 

6 
o 



the gallon 
the lb. 
the barrel 
the 100 lbs. 
the bundle 
for every 

£100 
the gallon 
the 1000 
the 100 lbs. 
the lb. 

the K'OO 

the 100 

the 100 

the lb. 

the lb. 

the lb. 

the gallon 

the gallon 
the gallon 



10 

6 

2 

6 

10 



6 

10 

10 

2 



U 

6"' 

9 

1 



1 

2 



Molasses— puncheon 1 8 

For every tierce 10 

Rum — For every puncheon 3 4 

Cocoa— For every 100 lbs 1 1 



58 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL YIE^ OF 

£ s. a. 

Wines Teneriffe, Canary, Dry and Sweet Malaga, ) .-, ^r a a o 

FayaL Sicilian Wines' and Muscat ° j ^^^ S^^^^'^^ ^ ^ ^ 

„ in Bottles — (Except Muscat) the dozen quart bottles 6 

„ Muscat, the dozen quart bottles and so in proportion 4 

Non enumerated ai'ticles . . .. for every £100 value 3 10 

Exemptions. — Coins, Bullion and Diamonds ; Printed Books and Poultry \. 
Provisions and Stores for the use of Her Majesty's Land and Sea Forces. 

Rum Duty. 

Rum and all other Spirits manufactured in the Colony ... per gallon 4s. 2d. 
Export Duty— 1866. 
s. d. 

Sugar— For every hhd 5 

For every tierce 3 4 

For every barrel 10 

Coffee.— For every 100 lbs. . . .0 10 

Tonnage Duty. 

Every vessel under 25 tons, per ton 3d — 25 to 50 tons, Is 3d — 50 tons and 
upwards, Is 9d per ton. No tonnage duty on vessels entering and clearing in 
ballast. Vessels less than 50 tons entering more thon twice in one year, after 
the second 3d per ton. 

Rate of Wharfage upon the following Articles landed upon any public Wharf 
or Quay in Port-of-Spain : — 

Every 1000 ft. of Lumber— 1000 Staves, Bricks, Tiles, Slates, 

Shingles, and every Hhd. of Lime or Coal , . ..010 

Schedule of Duty of Wharfage. 

Agri^.uUural Insirumeiifs. — Cane Top Cutters, Corn Mills, Corn 
Shellers, Harrows, Oats Bruisers, Ploughs, Trucks ... each 
Waggons including wheels ,.. .».. . . each 

Carts ditto ditto . . . . ... each 

Wlieels, (waggon and cai't) ... ... .. each 

Bags — Beans, Bran, Corn, Oats, Salt .. per bushel 

Coolie Stores, Cocoa, Cork, Guano, Garlic, Pepper, Rice ...per bag 

Barrels — Beef. Pork, Liquors of all descriptions in bottles ) , , ^ r^ .? 
Pitch, Tar, Rosin, Sugar .. ... j P^^^^'^' ^ ^ 6 

„ Breadstuffs, Corn'Meal, Flour, Filberts, Nuts, Walnuts. ) , , f\ c\ a- 
Onions, Pickled Fish, Potatoes, Salt . . ' j ?"' ^^'^' ^ ^ "^t 

(Half, Quarter, or English Barrels in proportion) 

Bricks — Staves — In addition to old Wharfage .. ..perM,, 10 

Boxes, Cases, Baskets, Chests <& Hampers — Candles, ) per n n « 
Cheese, Soap ... .. _ ..^ ^ ] lOOlbs. " ^ ^ 

Figs, Herrings, Pipes, Potatoes, Raisins, Vermicelli, ) j-Vvo^r n 1 
Macaroni... ... . . ] ^^ 

Drugs and Chemicals — Tin Plates .. ..per box 3 

Cigars ... ., .. .. perlOOlbs. 1 

Cider, Cordials, Liquers, Ale, Wine, Spirits — (Quarts, & | , ^^^ 3 

in proportion for smaller bottles) . . \^ 

Tobacco Manufactured not being Cigars .. perlOOlbs. 6 

Tea ... ... . . .. . perpkg. 3 

Carriages (except Childrens) — Pianos . = ... each 5 



e 


s. 


d. 








3 





1 


0^ 








6 








3 








U 








3 



tfi-E Island of iniyiDAD. 



59 



JBaks, Trusses or C^z75— Cordage, Hav, J.eather per lOOlbs 

Tobacco, leaf ... ...' ... per lOOlbs 

Butts or Pipes — Oil. Malt. Liquor, Wine, Spirits or Cordials... each 



per 
bundle 
... per nest 

each. 
. . . each 
... per ton 

each 
... per doz. 

each 
every XDkg. 
. . . 'each 
per lOOlbs 
. .per brl, 
. , per kit 



Bundles — Iron Hoops, Wood Hoops, Truss Hoops, Brooms 
Spades or Shovels — Shocks ., 

Buckets and Pails, in nests 
€oaIs — Tn addition to old ^ATiarfage, in Hogsheads 
In Puncheons or Tierces 
Loose 
Crates 
Demijeans and Carboys — Empty ... 

Do. do. Full 

Dry Goods and Stationery 
Firkins 
Fish — Dried 
Pickled 

do. ^ ... .. .. 

hogsheads — Malt Liquor, Oil, Turpentine, Matches, 
Vinegar, Wine 
Tobacco 
Hams or Bacon — Loose or in Packages 
Hardware — Anchors, xlnvils, Axes, Bars, Rods, Bolts 
Cannons, Cables, Loose Iron Pots, Lead, Shot, Stoves, 
Iron TMieels, &c. ... 

Boilers, Cylinders, Engines, heavy Machineiy per lOOlbs 

Sugar Pans and Stills, not exceeding of 100 gallons 

(and for larger sizes in proportion.) 
Hogsheads 
Puncheons or Tierces 
Barrels, Cases except Tin 
Kegs 
K^gs, Jars and Tins — Chemicals, Crackei-s and Breadstuffs 
Butter, Gunpowder, Mill Grease, Lard, Olives, Peas 
Paint and Paint Oil, Sago or Barley 
Lijne and Cement — (In addition to old Wharfage) 
In Eum Hogsheads, Puncheons, Tierces 
In other Hogsheads 
In Barrels 
In Kilderkins 
In Jars ... 
Livestock — Horses and Mules 
Asses, Bulls and Cows 
Calves, not being followers 
Sheep, Goats and Pigs 
Lumber, Timber, &c. — (In addition to old Wharfage) 
Lumber, Oars, House Frames 
Spars, Logs of Timber 
Shingles ... 

Railway Sleepers, Fencing Posts 
Onions and Garlic -Loose or in strings 
Puncheons — Oil Cake above 500 lbs., Oats, Candles, Sugar ... 
M Oil Cake, not weio-hini' 500 lbs 



£ s. d.. 

2 

3 

3 

1 





1 



2 

2 





2 











each 1 



.. each 
per lOUlbs 

per 
100 lbs 



each 
each 
each 
each 



3 



6 





3 

3 



2 

3 

4| 

1 



6 

10 

2i 

1 

3 



1 



each 1 



... each 





1 





... each 





1 


6 


. . each 








3 


. . . each 








2 


. . . each 








1 


... each 





2 


6 


. . . each 





1 





... each 








6 


... 


Fi 


-ee 




per M. ft. 





1 





... each 





1 





.. perM. 








6 


each 








1 


per 100 lbs 








^ 


... each 





1 


6 


... each 





1 






60 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL YIEW OF 



Quarter Casls—^l^M Liquor, Oil, Spirits or Cordials, > 
Turpentine, Vinegar, Wine ... / 

Slates, Tiles, &<i.—ln addition to old Wharfage — Slates 

loose. Draining Tiles, Paving Tiles and Stones, Roofing 

Tiles, Earthen Pipes ... 

Grindstones 
Sundries — Hats common Straw 

Maracaibo and Panama Hats 

Earthenware — ^Martinique Ware assorted . . 

Rock Salt 

Hides ... 

Starch ... 



each 



£ s. d. 
9 



per 



M. 1 6 



Furniture 
Id. 

Spanish Main Goods- 



each 
...perdoz. 
...perdoz. 
...perdoz. 
...per ton. 

each 
per bundle 



3 
1 



each case 
every other package 
•Goglets & Jars in nests, Tasso, "* 
Dried Fish, Cheese, Brooms, &c. J 
Poultry, Ground Provisions, Ice, Fresh Fruits, and 
Vegetables not enumerated. Provisions & Stores impor- 
ted for the use of Her Majesty's Troops & Naval Forces 
Articles not specially enumerated or exempted : 
Every Puncheon or Hogshead ... 
Every Quarter Cask or Barrel ... 
Every other Package 



3 

1 

10 

1 

1 

2 

6 



Free. 



Free. 



1 
6 
3 



Trinidad possesses a collegiate school and a college for boys ; the former, 
the Queen's Collegiate School, founded by the Government in 1859, with an 
annual grant towards it of £2,740 sterling ; the latter was originally estab- 
lished in 1836 by the Right Reverend Dr. Daniel McDonnell, Roman Catholic 
Bishop. Owing to various causes, it__languished for many months before it was 
finally abolished, and several unsuccessful attempts were made to place it on a 
better footing. It ceased to exist in 1860. At the request of His Grace the late 
Archbishop English, who took a very deep interest in the matter, the 
Fathers of the Congregation of the Holy Ghost and the Sacred Heart of Mary 
opened the College of the Immaculate Conception on the 1st August, 
1863, under the direction of the Reverend Father Guilloux — after the 
death of the much beloved Archbishop English. The Reverend Mr. Cuenat, the 
Apostolic Administrator, granted to the Fathers of the Congregation of the 
Holy Ghost and Sacred Heart the locale of the former College and the yearly 
sum of SI 000 in accordance with the wishes of His Grace. He also defrayed 
the primary expenses of the Establishment. On the arrival of His Grace 
Archbishop Gonin (23rd March, 1864) he expressed a wish that the Fathers 
of the Holy Ghost would take on themselves the charge of the Establishment, 
and, in order to aid them in this undertaking, His Grace will allow them 
SI 000 a year for Five Years, and the possession of the House for Ten Years, pro- 
vided they give free places to some pupils who shall be sent there by His 
Grace. The Catholics under the auspices of His Grace raised a subscription in 
favour of this work, in which even some of the Clorgv of the Established 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 6l 

Chm-cli aided. This subscription, notwithstanding the difficulties of the present 
time, amounted to a little more than $4000. These are the only resources 
placed at the disposition of the Reverend Fathers of the Congregation of the 
Holy Ghost to commence this important work. They have since purchased at 
their own expense premises in town which offer all the advantages that can 
be desired for a College. At present there are more than 100 pupils in the 
College ; this great increase of pupils is a proof of the confidence reposed in 
the Fathers of the Congregation of the Holy Ghost. Besides several Clergy- 
men altogether attached to the Establishment, there are other Professors em- 
ployed : viz., W. R. Gawthorn, Esq., English Department ; Mr. Paul, Span- 
ish Department, and H. Sellmann, Professor of Music. The building fii'st 
occupied as the College was formerly known as Cumberland House ; it was 
afterwards purchased by Pcobert Xeilson and by him sold to the late Bishop 
D. McDonnell for its present purpose. 

There is also a seminary, under the title of the Convent, for the education 
of young ladies ; it was founded by the Sisters of the Order of St. Joseph in 
1836, and is an establishment ably conducted by several nuns. The Govern- 
ment have two model schools for children of both, sexes, and thirty primary 
Ward schools ; the expense for teachers of the former is £450 per annum ; the 
expense of the AVard schools is defrayed from the funds of the Wards. The 
Borough Councils of Port-of-Spain and San Fernando have also their schools 
for girls and boys. The Government schools are under the inspection of a 
paid inspector, A. W. Anderson, Esq., who receives a salary of £500 per an- 
num. The total average daily attendance of children at the AYard schools in 
1863 was 1,069, and the amount expended by the several Wards during that 
year, in respect to education, amounted to £3,163 15s. Id. sterling. 

There is an Inland Post-office amalgamated with the General Post-office. 
There are nine established mail routes, besides four foot routes ; the total 
transportation of mails on these routes being 65,058 miles, at a cost of £3.454 
sterling, or 13s. |d. per mile. There are twenty-one post-offices throughout 
the island ; the total delivery of letters averaging annually 11 1,682 packet let- 
ters ; inland, 77,673 letters. The number of newspapers received from the 
United Kingdom is 60,000, and transmitted thereto 12,000. A letter can be 
sent to any part of the island for Id. the half- ounce. There are also letter 
carriers for the town of Poit-of- Spain. There are two local steamboats under 
contract, for the conveyance of mails, police and prisoners, the cost of which is 
£4,500 per annum. There are several institutions kept up at the public ex- 
pense : two hospitals, £7,885; lunatic asylum, £1,720; leper asylum, £1,910; 
wash-house and bath-house, £200 ; royal gaol, £5,875. There is also a botani- 
cal garden, established in 1820 by Sir R. J. Woodtbrd, and under the dii'ection 
at that time of a Mr. Lockhart ; it has been from year to year increased with 
the rarest plants and flowers of various descriptions, which are annually im- 
ported ; the grounds are laid out with much good taste. The Government 
expend thereon £700 per annum, namely, £300 salary of botanist and gar- 



62 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OP 

dener, and £400 for implements, &c. The soil of the island is rich, and pro- 
duces in addition to the cane, cocoa, coffee, and cotton, various kinds of provi- 
sions, such as yams,* plantains, s'veet potatoes, cush-cush, tanias, rice, corn, 
and manioc, but not in sufficient quantities for the consumption of Trinidad ; 
hence it is that the market is largely supplied with plantains from Venezuela, 
and yams and potatoes from Grenada and some of the other neighbouring 
islands. Vegetables of almost every description are also raised, particularly by 
the Chinese, whose knowledge in gardening is great, whilst they are most at- 
tentive and steady in such work, more especially where the land is their own* 
The country is abundantly wooded and well watered, except the Naparimas, 
where the want of water is much felt, there being no river in that part of the 
island. The inhabitants of San Fernando consequently suffer great privations 
during the dry season ; the few springs that exist there are on the lands of 
private persons, who make a handsome revenue from the sale of water ; in 
1864 as much as 90 cents (3s. 9d. sterling) was paid for a puncheon of 
water. The timbers of the island are numerous, and consist of cedar, 
cip, mora, carapo, balata, yoke, roble, tapana, galba, purple heart, locust, 
poui, fiddle- wood, capivi, leopard-wood, and a number of other descriptions. 
Very extensive samples of these were a short time since collected by S. Deve- 
nish, Esq., and forwarded to Admiral jSIilne. There are also many other kinds 
of wood of softer species that are used for staves, shingles and boards. The 
fruits of the island consist of bananas, bell-apple, golden-apple, pine-apple, 
sugar-apple, musk-melon, water-melon, granadilla, grapes, oranges, mangoes, 
malacca-apple, guava, mamee, sapodilla, cashew, custard-apple, India plum, 
sour -sop, shaddock, star-apple, pomegranate, quinces, &c. 

The natural productions of the island are so abundant and beautiful, that its 
first discoverers gave it the appellation of Paradise. The woods as has already 
been stated, contain an inexhaustable variety of excellent Timber, and are en- 
livened by many species of handsome birds, and by several sorts of game. 
On the eastern side there is an extensive forest of Coconut Trees, which 
is believed to have been produced by the shipwreck of a vessel laden 
with coconuts, in the year 1730. Since this period the self-sown trees have 
progressively multiplied to their present extent. The most remarkable of all 
the productions of nature in the island, is undoubtedly the bituminous Lake, 
which is situated near the Village of LaBrea. It is of a circular form, about 
three miles in circumference and 99 acres in extent, and lies on ground elevated 
132 feet above the level of the sea, from which it is separated only by a margin 
of forest. In some parts of it are diminutive islands covered with plants and 
shrubs, and it is intersected by pools and rivulets of water. The face of the 
Lake undergoes however, frequent changes, so that a place where a verdant 
islet was one day seen, will the next day present nothing but a deep pool to 

* It is said by Ovieda that tbis Vegetable, though introduced into Hespaniola at 
a very early period, was not originally a native of the West Indies, but was carried 
thither (rora the Canary Islands by Thomas de Berlanga, a Friar, in the year 161G. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 65 

the view. On the surface the bituminous matter is solid, though at the depth 
of a few inches and when the heat of the sun is great, there is a degree of 
softness. The bitumen is not confined to this spot ; it may be found in diJfferent 
parts of the island. The formation of the bitumen is still going on in the 
bowels of the earth. Not far fi'om Point LaBrea there is, at the bottom of the 
sea, a sort of Crater, which at times agitates the superincumbent waves, and 
throws up a considerable quantity of petroleum. The Pitch Lake is of con- 
siderable value, and affor^ a revenue to the colony ; it is about a quarter 
of an hour's walk from the Village of LaBrea, at which latter place the 
Local Steamer stops every Saturday and alternate Thursday to land Mails and 
Passengers — arriving there a little before noon, and returning about 4 P.M. 

It is an acknowledged fact that the resources of Trinidad are very great and 
merely require energy, sound policy, personal attention, and measures which 
will facelitate instead of shackling Commerce and Industry ; for it cannot be 
denied, that the more formalities there are for the purpose of carrying out any 
measure, the more difficult the working of it, and the less beneficial the result. 
Facilities require to be afforded here beyond other places — because the time 
will arrive when many of the smaller West India Colonies will be such in 
name only. Therefore the strides necessary to be now made are threefold — 
nor should mere present wants be looked to, but such as will also benefit the 
island hereafter — consequently the sooner liberal measures are brought into 
action, the greater will be the field of Industry for those that are now young 
and able. Something should be left by men of the present day as a monu-^ 
ment of energy and industry to the rising generation. Coal is also to h& 
found in the Ward of Manzanilla on the East coast of the island ; its quality 
was tested on board of Her Majesty's Steamer Buzzard, and was found to be 
very good. 



64 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



Names of Trees Indigenous to Trinidad, from which specimens of 

WOOD WERE SENT TO THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1862. 



Algarroba 


Coutrevent 


Maraquire 


Acoma or Mastic 


Cerise marron 


Manglie Chine 


Almond Tree 


Caimito 


Mango 


Acacia 


Cajou de Burro 


Manylillo 


Angelin 


Cypre 


Mapou 


Avocat 


Calebasb 


Mora 


Ayocado Pear 


Calderon 


Naranjillo bianco 


Aqiiiviro 


Cannon, ball tree 


Nover 


Bois d' Olive 


Cactus 


Narangillo Amarillo 


Blue Mahoe 


Cachicamo 


Olivier 


Bois Cortiere 


Casse 


Petit Baume 


Beef-wood 


Delasse Canilla de ' 


Venado Paraman 


Bois defer 


Fustic 


Pionillo 


Balsam Capivi 


Freta de Burro 


Pois-doux 


Bois Mulatre 


Fiddle-wood 


Pata de Vaca 


Batard tondi-e a Caillou 


Grugru 


Poui 


Balata 


Garlick Pear ' 


Palma real 


Bois piquant 


Galba 


Pirijao 


Balata Macaque 


Gommier 


Purple-heart 


Bois Charbon 


Gasparillo 


Parapara 


Bois Sang 


Guayacou 


Petites-feuilles 


Bois Canique 


Guatepaloma 


Quashy Quasher 


Bois Lezard 


Guatamare 


Pvoble 


Bois Chaire 


Guava 


Red Mangrove 


Bois Flambeau 


Guatecaae 


Surinam Cherry 


Black Mangrove 


Genipa 


Sardino bianco 


Button Mangrove 


Guacamayo 


Sea side Almond 


Bois Cerise 


Higuereton 


Sapote ;Mamey 


Bois Caraibe 


Henrietta Sardino 


Sapodilla 


Bois Canari 


Incense Tree 


Savonette Jaune 


Bois-raide 


Icaque 


Sangregrado 


Bois-cendre 


Juagua 


Stave- wood 


Cuesta 


Logwood 


Soibo 


Carat 


Locust 


Surette 


Cocorite 


Laurel 


Trumpet Tree 


Coconut 


Laurel Macaque 


Tapana 


Corkwood 


Laurier Canelle 


Tovomita 


Cacapoule 


Laurier blanc 


Tamarind 


Cupry 


Laurier Cypre 


Tandre a Caillou 


Cedar 


Letter-wood 


Wild Chesnut 


Crapaud 


Lecliero Stillingea 


White Mangrove 


Cerise de Chacachacare 


Manaque 


AA'"ild Guava 


Carimo bianco 


Mancheneel 


Wild Coffee 


Cuchape negro 


Mahoe 


Yoke Yopo 


Cocolaba 


Mahoe de Londres 


Yoke Savane 


Cauturo 


Mahoe Cochou 


Yema de hueva. 


Caracen."? tree 


Mammee Apple 





THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 65 

NATURAL HISTORY. 



Animals of the Mammalia Class. 

Of Animals of tlie Mammalia Class tlie island of Trinidad possesses several 
indigenous species. Without including tlie Bats on the River Coco, there are: 

The Small Monkey A Species of Raccoon 

Great Red Monkey Porcupine 

Small Sloth Lapo 

Large Do. Agouti 

Ant Bear Sloth Mangrove Deer 

Armadillo, 9 banded Great Deer 

" 12 " The Musk Rat 

The Alco or Mangrove Dog Two Species of Squirrel 

The Tiger Cat Quanco or Musk Hog. 
Opossum or Manicou 



IMMIGRATION. 

Immigration is fully encouraged by the Government from India and China, 
the amount voted for the same for the present year (1864) being £28,210, to 
which must be added the expense of the fixed establishment, amounting to 
£1,880, making a total of £30,090. By the Census of 1861, there were 13,488 
Coolies and 461 Chinese; since then there have been imported, say, in 1862, 
1,967 Coolies and 452 Chinese, and in 1863, 1,798 Coolies, giving a total of 
17,253 Coolies and 913 Chinese. Of these numbers, by a late return of the 
Agent-General of Immigrants, say to 31st December, 1863, there were — 

Indian immigrants on estates who have not completed a 

residence of five years .... 10,072 

Do. do. on estates under contract who have completed 

an industrial residence of five years .... .... 1,308 

Do. do. who hold certificates of industrial residence 

not under indenture .... .... 4,058 



15,438 



Number of Chinese who have not completed a residence of 

five years in the colony under indenture .... .... 257 

These immigrants (Coolies and Chinese) are by the same return shown as 
located on 154 difierent estates; the largest number on any one estate is 206 
(the Orange Grove Estate in the county of St. George). The revenue collected 
on account of the annual outlay was in 1863, £16,137 sterling. 



66 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

RETURN OF IMMIGRANTS FROM 1845 TO 1865. 





COOLIES. 






CHINESE. 


AFRICANS. 


WEST INDIA ISLANDS, 


















FAYAL, &C. 


Year. 


M. 


F. 


B. 


G. 


Tot'l. 


M. 


F. 


M. 


F. 


Tot'l 


M. 


F. 


ChilE 


Tot'l. 


1845 


182 


22 


15 


6 


225 










590 










1846 


1142 


222 


145 


46 


1556 






... 


... 




3334 


1673 


461 


5468 


1847 


685 


97 


20 


19 


821 






... 






2258 


830 


674 


3762 


1848 


538 


62 


16 


8 


624 






... 






995 


350 


205 


1550 


1849 




... 


... 


... 




... 








... 


1479 


550 


233 


2262 


1850 


... 


... 




... 


... 




... 


... 




762 


868 


407 


100 


1375 


1851 


159 


11 


2 


3 


175 






... 


... 
















1852 


1066 


166 


47 


28 


1306 


... 


... 


... 




... 














1853 


1508 


318 


94 


61 


1981 


988 






















1854 


605 


49 


9 


7 


670 






... 


















1855 


23l: 


36 


14 


4 


284 
























1856 


428 


138 


20 


22 


6C8 
























1857 


912 


352 


82 


41 


1387 




... 


... 


... 


... 














1858 


647 


393 


142 


93 


1275 






29 


3 


32 














1859 


1907 


887 


293 


281 


3368 




... 




















1860 


1736 


682 


243 


193 


2854 


... 


... 


561 


126 


687 




. 


. 








1861 


1495 


460 


115 


HI 


2181 








... 
















1862 


1497 


331 


90 


49 


1967 


341 


125 




... 












. 




1863 


1390 


299 


64 


45 


1798 






... 


... 


... 










2850 


1864 


683 


179 


51 


36 


949 


... 




... 


... 


... 


... 






... 


2590 


1865 


1538 


417 


145 


103 


2203 


412 
1741 


179 
305 


590 


129 


2071 


... 




• 


... 


2339 




18347 


5121 


1607 


1156 


26231 


8934 


3810 


1673 


22205 



RETURNED TO INDIA. 



COOLIES. 


CHINESE. 


AFRICANS. 


Year. 


M. 


F. 


B. 


G. 


Total. 


M. 

i 

3 
5 


F. 


M. 


F. 


Total. 


1851 
1852 
1853 
1855 
1856 
1857 
1858 
1859 
1861 
1864 
1865 


265 
159 
497 
105 
167 
266 
246 

236 

354 


37 
40 
41 
24 
38 
33 
54 
.. 

34 

87 


19 

6 

16 

18 
41 
18 
36 

13 

35 


9 
8 
14 
22 
28 
19 
26 

20 

32 


330 
213 

568 
169 
274 
336 
362 

303 

508 




















2295 


388 


202 


178 


3063 


9 






.. 





THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, 



67 



Previous to the introduction of immigrants from India and China, there was 
a large influx of labourers from the other colonies, as also a number of Am- 
erican labourers expressly imported at the expense of the colony, but correct 
returns thereof have not been found. The following table merely gives the 
number imported from the 21st December, 1838, to the 17th July, 1840: — 



Grenada 


. 495 


Baltimore ... 


... 371 


Dominica ... 


. 39 


Philadelphia 


2 


Barbadoes 


. 27 


New- York ... 


... 196 


Nevis ... ..» 


. 147 


Canada 


... 29 


Tortola 


. 124 






Cariacou 


. 30 




598 


Montserrat 


. 48 




1,160 


Antigua 


. 67 






St. Lucia ... 


. 20 






St. Kittt 


. 42 






St. Vincent.. 


. 34 






Saba 


. 59 






Anguilla ... 


. 28 







1,160 



Total ... 1,758 



The passages of the 1,160 from the neighbouring islands were also paid by 
the colony, amounting to £2,234 3s. 4. sterling. There are no records, or at 
least a perusal has not been obtained of the same, in order to ascertain what 
was the cost of introduction of the 598 labourers from America. 

The staff of the Immigration Department consists of — ■ 

An Agent in India ... ... ... ... £2,000 

Agent-General in the island, exclusive of travelling expenses 800 
Sub-Agent ... ... ... ... ... 300 

Three Clerks, £200, £150, and £100 ... ... 450 

Three Interpreters, £120, £115, and £70... ... 305 

Porter ... ... ... ... ... 25 



Total ... £3,880 Stg. 



68 historical and statistical view of 

Return of Labourers arrived from the undermenttond Ports 
DURING the Years, 1863 and 1864. 



Antigua ... 
Anguilla ,.. 
America ... 
Berbice 
Barbados ... 
Cariacou ... 
Dominica ... 
Demerara ... 
Grenada ... 
Guadeloupe 
Martinique... 
Montserrat... 
Madeira ... 
St. Vincent 
St. Lucia ... 
St. Barts ... 
St. Martin... 
St. Thomas 
St. Kitts ... 
Tobago 
Venezuela... 



1863. 1864. 



2 


10 


29 


19 


— 


6 


— 


2 


474 


628 


— 


40 


3 


9 


8 


12 


1450 


1027 


3 


2 


29 


59 


3 


111 


— 


14 


382 


235 


31 


40 


26 


10 


17 


4 


31 


11 


4 


48 


152 


232 


256 


181 



'^«50 2599 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



69 



A Table shewing the Location of the Indian Immigrants and the 
Increase and Decrease in each Locality by the Census Eeturns of 1851 
and 1861. 



Locality. 


Census 
of 1851. 


Census 
of 1861. 


Increase 


Decrease 


Total 
Increase 


Port-of-Spain 


233 
23 
11 

123 
112 

46 

40 

30 

1 

1 

384 

286 

1 

4 

78 

28 

1 
33 
31 

1 

1 

404 
243 
102 
194 
156 

56 
291 
591 

70 
197 
128 
156 

148 
3 


250 

6 

7 

210 

471 

87 

120 

109 

158 

4 

3 

440 

1188 

10 

12 

321 

8 

16 
1 

280 

6 

4 

1 

1 

569 

801 

161 

958 

505 

195 

1454 

365 

316 

1089 

599 

973 

82 

45 

660 

3 


17 

210 
348 

74 

69 

128 

3 

2 

92 

902 

9 

8 

243 

16 

247 

3 

1 

165 

558 

59 

764 

349 

139 

1163 

774 

246 

892 

471 

817 

82 

45 

512 


17 

4 

25 

18 
25 




St. Ann's Wi 
Laventille 


ird 








Cimaronero 


" 




Aricagua 






Santa Cruz 


" 




Mucurapo 
Maraval 


}) •••• •• 




Diego Martin 
Carenaffe 


" 








Chaguaramas 






St. Joseph 


' 




Tacarigua 


" 




Maracas 


" 




Caura 


' 




Lower Caroni 






Mayaro 


' 




Nariva 


, 




Toco 






Blanchisseuse 
Ariraa 


' 




Guanapo 


' 




Turure 


^ 




Upper Caroni 






Manzanilla , 






Couva , 






Chaguanas , 






Carapichaima , 


' 




Savonetta , 






Point-a-Pierre , 






San Fernando . 
South Nap. East 
South Nap. West 
Oropouche 
North Naparima 
Sav. Grande Sou 
Sav. Grande Nor 
La Brea 
Guapo 
Cedros 
Moruga 






?rn Ward ... 

ern „ ... 

„ 

thern „ ... 
thern „ 

>J ..V 

5> 




4169 


13488 


9408 


89 


9319 



70 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



A Table showing the Component Parts of the Population of 
Teinidad by the Census Returns of 1851 and 1861, and the Comparative 
Increase and Decrease. 



Where Born. 



Trinidad 

British Colonies . 
United Kingdom 

Foreign 

China 

India 

Africa 

Not Described. . . 



Census 
of 1851. 


Census 
of 1861. 


Increase. 


Decrease 


40627 


46986 


0309 




10812 


11716 


904 




729 


1040 


311 




4915 


4301 




614 




461 


461 




4169 


13488 


9319 




8097 


6035 




2062 


260 


461^ 


201 


^ 


69609 


84438 


17505 


2676 



Total 
Increase. 



14829 



Return of Immigrants and Liberated Africans introduced into Trinidad 
from 1843 to the end of 1856, and in each year since 1st January, 1857, 
to the end of 1861, as shown by the Twenty-second Report of the Immi- 
gration Commissioners, 1862. 



Madeira 

Cape de Verdes. . . . 

Sierra Leone 

St. Helena 

East Indies 

China 

United States 

British West Indies 
Rio de Janeiro . . . . 



1843 to 
1856. 



725 

2,474 

2,292 

10,569 

988 

47 

4,773 

879 



1857. 



172 
1,414 



1858. 



30 
2,083 



1859. 



4 
3,363 



22,747 1,586 2,113 3,367 2,865 2,544 35,222 



1860. 



226 

270 

2,169 



1861. 



2,544 



Total. 



725 

172 

2,700 

2,796 

22,142 

988 

47 

4,773 

879 



Return of Ships and Coolies (entitled to back passages) despatched from Tri- 
nidad, as per Twenty-Second Report of Immigration Commissioners, 1862. 



Ships. 



Eliza Stewart 1851, May 31... 

Eliza 1851, Sep. 6... 

Clarendon 1852, Mar. 12... 

Bucephalus 1853, Aug, 3... 

Shand 1853, Aug. 19... 

Scindian 1855, June 1... 

Arabia jlBSG, Oct. 18... 

Eveline 11857, Oct. 17... 



Date of 

Sailing. 



Morayshire.... 
Brechin Castle 



1858, Dec. 10.. 
1861, Oct. 23. 



Numbers Embarked. 



Adults. 
M. F. 



17 
271 

182 
288 
222 
108 
177 
266 
243 
236 



Children, 
F. 



M. 






82 
354 
241 
314 

287 I 
177 ! 
280 i 
243 I 
359 
303 



2010 342 144' 1451 39: 2080 



30 

16 

12 

4 

13 

9 

9 

14 

19 



126 2578 



SI 
si 

22 
324 
225 
302 
283 
164 
288 
339 
346 
285 



THE ISLAND OP TRINIDAD. 



71 



The amount of Savings deposited in the Colonial Chest by the Coolies per 
Brechin Castle was £2,692 ; a further sum of £1,384 lis. 8d. was intrusted by 
them to the Surgeon. And the amount of Savings of the Coolies taken away by 
them in the British Trident which left Trinidad on the 14tli December, 1865, was 
£12,408 4s. 2d. Sterling. 

Return of Indian Immigrants Committed to the Royal Gaol in 1859, 1860, 
1861, 1862, and 1863, with crimes and offences:— 



Crime. 



Arson 

Assault 

Breach of Contract 

Breaking and entering 

Burglary 

Cutting and wounding 

Debt 

Drunkenness 

Damaging with intent to steal .. . , 

Damaging property 

Exposing person 

Forgery 

False certificates 

Failing to produce certificates . . . , 

Fighting 

Fraud 

Harbouring immigrants . , . 

Enticing labourers from their ] 
employers j 

Killing and slaying 

Larceny 

Murder 

Obstructing passage 

Obscene language 

Plying without a license 

Perjury 

Resisting police constables 

Receiving stolen goods 

Rape 

Riotous and disorderly conduct . . . 

Riot 

Robbery 

Stealing 

Setting fire without notice 

Selling spirits without license . . . . 

Trespass 

Unlawfully having goods 

Wounding vrith intent 



1859. 



17 
192 

1 
3 
12 
10 
3 
1 
1 



2 

34 

1 

10 
1 



307 



1860. 



1 

11 
254 



7 
13 
27 
2 
2 
1 



1 

34 
1 

*8 
1 



12 



394 



1861. 



500 

2 

4 
19 
10 



3 
1 

"i 

1 

50 



628 



1862. 



10 
721 

2 

5 

23 

11 



1 
49 
2 
1 
2 
1 



1863. 



38 

453 

4 

6 

20 

4 

5 



2 

92 

5 

26 
9 



12 



686 2862 



Total. 



1 

84 

2120 

4 

5 

25 

87 

62 

10 

12 

10 

1 

6 

6 

1 

4 

5 

1 

6 

259 

9 

1 

54 

13 

2 

1 

3 

1 

6 

8 

1 

6 

1 

1 

43 

2 

1 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



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74 historical and statistical view of 

Notes on the Annual Return of Indentured Immigrants in 
Trinidad for the Year 1863. 

The half-yearly Reports required under the 13th Clause of Ordinance No. 
16, 1862, together with the Annual Abstract under the 14th Clause, have been 
already submitted to the the Legislative Council. These together furnish 
full statistical information regarding the actual state of Immigration, and 
require few special remarks by way of explanation or supplement. 

2. The Tables are necessarily confined to Coolies resident on estates, 
whether indentured or unindentured. . The numbers of the latter who have 
served their time and now reside elsewhere, either in Port-of-Spain, San 
Fernando, or the rural hamlets, have become too great, and, generally speaking, 
too unsettled in their habits to be noticed further in these reports than as 
forming a portion of the 4,520 Indian immigrants not under indenture, and 
wh6 hold certificates of ha-^'ing terminated their industrial residence. The 
women and children belonging to this class are naturally more numerous than 
among those indentured to, or resident on estates, but their exact proportion 
can scarcely be estimated till the next general Census. They have exhibited 
a new feature during the last year or eighteen months, and imitated the 
Chinese in cultivating gardens in the vicinity of the town and elewhere, some- 
times on an extensive scale, while the numerous huts erected in these gardens 
show, that to a certain extent, they are becoming identified with the Creole po- 
pulation. They possess, besides, large numbers of horned stock, well selected 
and well cared for. 

3. The Planters, however, complain, and not without reason, that these 
huts, particularly in the vicinity of the town, afford a ready refuge to numer- 
ous absentees from estates' labour, whom the master can scarcely apprehend, 
owing to a skilfully arranged outpost system, which, by preconcerted signals, 
warns the runaways of any approaching search. 

4. There is some foundation for this assertion, but it does not account for 
the increased numbers who deserted work in 1863 as compared with 1862, yiz., 
453 against 373, or 20 per cent, additional, while the increase in the whole 
body of indentured labour on estates was only 800 or 10 per cent. Other 
causes may be shortly enumerated. 

5. Such as the increased demand for field hands on the neighbom-ing 
shores of the Spanish Main, where the natives have deserted the cocoa estates 
and other usual culture, to escape service in the miserable struggles that de- 
solate Venezuela. This causes a heavy drain on both contract and free labour, 
which must continue in the absence of any extradition treaty with the iDrovince, 
to enable the planters of this colony to trace and bring back their fugitive 
apprentices. 

6. Illegal absence is encouraged by the fact that sturdy vagrants are no 
longer punished by the magistrate on apprehension, but restored to their em- 
ployers by the captors on payment of certain fees, to be afterwards deducted 



THE ISLAND OF TRIXIDAD. 15 

from the vagrant's ^vages. Should the employer decide on punishing the 
offender, he must apply for a ^varrant to bring him before the magistrate ; 
this, of eom-se, entails more or less delay, and as there is no authority for 
locking up the culprit, in the meantime, he again escapes, leaving the master 
minus both his trouble and the fee paid for capture. In point of fact, during 
the busy season of crop, the master rarely proceeds before the magistrate, as 
this mode of punishment involves much loss of time in attendance at the 
Station-house of overseers or superintendents, whose absence from estates' duty 
would jeopardize interests of major importance. The offence is consequently 
overlooked, and the culprit having escaped the fine or imprisonment to which 
he was liable, is apt to look on the fault as trivial, and repeat it on small 
temptation. 

7. Illegal absence occasioned by proprietors enticing from service the inden- 
tured servants of others is now exceptional, owing to the equalized supply of 
labour, and confined to distant and sequestered settlements where social regu- 
lations and police influence have scarcely penetrated. There exists, however, 
a rather ingenious mode by which an immigrant under indenture manages to 
transfer his services and yet escape detection. This is by obtaining posses- 
sion of a bona fide certificate of industrial residence which has been granted 
to another — if that of a dead man, so much the better. This may be done in 
various ways, by stealing, purchasing, or borrowing. The two first are simple 
transactions, the last more complex, something in the banking line. Secret 
companies exist, who advance to any steady labourer in their neighbourhood 
the means to buy liis remaining period of industrial residence; on receiving 
his certificate, he is bound to purchase all his necessaries from the persons who 
have advanced him the money, and he further dei^osits with them his certifi- 
cate till his debt be liquidated, that is to say, he becomes again what he was in 
India, the bondsman of another. The banker, on his part, immediately invests 
the certificate by hii'ing it out to an immigrant who has not finished his time, 
and if this last be newly arrived, and, consequently, not easily recognized, he 
'^^J> perhaps for years, escape detection by a judicious change of residence. 

8. Although, as above stated, absentees have considerably increased dming 
the last year, yet the numbers tabulated exhibit rather an extreme view of the 
gravity of the case, for a certain proportion of the immigrants thus registered 
have been away for years from the estates to which they were originally 
indentured, and have been returned as absent more in compliance with esta- 
blished form, than as representing an integral portion of estates' available 
labour. 

9. AVhile absenteeism has increased since the preceeding year, it is some- 
what gratifying to find that the mortality among the Indians residing on 
estates, whether free or indentured, has considerably diminished. This class 
of the population numbers 14,140, and the deaths registered among them^ 
exclusive of 30 who died in hospital after landing, but before distribution, 
were 339; this includes 87 who died in the public hospitals of San Fernando 



76 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

and Port-of-Spain after admission from the estates on which they were in- 
dentured, as well as 5 who died in gaol. This establishes a rate of mortality- 
equal to 2-4 per cent., which is under that of Lancashire. Including 30 who 
died in hospital on embarkation, the rate would rise to 2*6, still under that of 
Lancashire. These last, however, should more fairly be classed with deaths 
on board ship, to which I shall refer presently. 

10. For reasons mentioned above, the death-rate among Coolies who have 
terminated their contracts and do not reside on estates cannot be estimated 
with anything like precision. Assuming, as is probable, that their families 
bear the same numerical proportion to the families of those residing on estates, 
their aggregate number would be 3,789; on these the mortality, if calculated 
from the deaths of this class, which took place in the public hospitals, whither 
they usually resorted when ill, was 22 or 0*5 per cent. This is probably too 
low, as some may have died elsewhere than in hospital; but the singular 
freedom from casualties of the seasoned Indians in Trinidad, and under favour- 
able circumstances, is evident from the fact that the Indian Training School 
or Orphan Asylum, which numbers 61 inmates, is thus reported on by the 
Rev. Henry Richards — "I am happy to say that we had no deaths at the 
Orphan Home during the year 1863." 

11. The mortality among Immigrants at sea for the same season, during the 
passage from Calcutta to Trinidad, was 32-5 adults on 1,328*5 embarked ^2:4 
per cent. This is so far remarkable as being the lowest death-rate on record 
here, and will probably bear favourable comparison with other similar under- 
takings. In the special reports on each ship as she arrived, the probable causes 
of this success were pointed out, and I shall now only allude to it by remarking, 
that it was attained more by care at the depot, and the precautions taken by 
the agent on embarkation, and followed out afterwards on board, than due to 
any real physical superiority of the Indians shipped ; because, taken as a 
whole, they have rather deteriorated than otherwise of late years; their in- 
trinsic value duninishing with the increasing competition for their services. 

12. Breach of Cc ;;t:;/.ct. — 453 have been committed to gaol in 1863, as 
against 721 in 1862. the first blush this diminution in the face of an 
increased population would argue a vast improvement in the industrial charac- 
ter of the Coolie. But it is unfortunately attributable to less gratifying 
sources — partly to the desire on the part of the employer to escape the trouble 
of appealing to the magistrate, as explained in paragraph 6 of these notes, and 
partly to the fact, that without any trouble the employer can always secure 
the repayment of any days lost by the apprentice b}^ -imply registering them 
in the weekly returns, and x)rocuring their endorsement at the expiration of the 
indenture. Commitments to gaol for off'ences other ihan breach of contract 
have increased in about the same proportion that the latter diminished, viz., 
233 to 126 in the preceding year; the increment has been principally in as- 
sault and larceny, obscene language and exposure of the person. The gradual 
increase in numbers of the Indian popukt*'- ; naturally begets a sort of has- 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 77 

tard courage or recklessness, sufficient to account for the gradual rise in the 
proportion of commitals under these heads. 

13. Proportion of Sexes. — Of the total 14,140 Indians residing on estates, 
12,090 are adults, and of these 3,029, or somewhat over one-third, are women ; 
the remaining 2,050 are childi^en under 10 years of age ; among them the 
sexes are pretty f:irly balanced, 1,085 being boys, and 965 girls. 

14. The influx and efilux of labour from the neighbouring colonies continue 
pretty much the same as in previous yeai's. The numbers are — 

. " Landed 2,269 

Sailed 172 

thus leaving 2,097 as a permanent addition to the population. The question 
may be asked, how it happens, that with this incessant stream pouring into 
the colony, there should be a still greater demand for Indian labour than 
during the three previous years. The answer will vary according to circum- 
stances. Some maintain that the application for 2,000 Coolies for the ensuing 
year is preposterously large ; there are gentlemen whose estates are already 
planted up, and, consequently, sufficiently handed, or situated in well-peopled 
districts, where their own intelligence and means can always command what 
extra labour they requu-e, without contributing to any farther supply to es- 
tates in gener... '-- an export tax levied on their own produce. These, again, 
are looked on as deficient in forethought, and sacrificing the future to the 
present by those who are actively engaged in extending cultivation and dou- 
bling their crops, which cannot be done, they say, without a large addition 
of indentured labour, which alone is continuous. They maintain further that 
the influx of laboiu' from other places is insufficient to keep pace with the de- 
mand, and is principally absorbed in replacing the seasoned hands who flock 
to the small cocoa and provision holdings, or squat on the Crovni lands. The 
true cause of the demand for Indian labour probably is, that although expen- 
sive, it is easy of application, and can be depended on ; and this demand will 
keep pace with the price of sugar so long as a primitive system of agriculture 
continues where the steam-plough is unknown, thorough drainage neglected^ 
and 30,000 acres oi canes weeded by manual, instead of implemental, labour, 
while the stock that should be so occupied, are, in the meantime, eating their 
heads off" in stall or pen. 

15. Chinese. — Of the Immigrants introduced by the " Wanata" in July of 
the preceding year it is impossible to speak with any satisfaction. As showt> 
by the tables, they have died and absconded in great numbers, and the remain- 
der, with few exceptions, are unable to earn anything like comfortable wages. 
As, however, the colony must no doubt look to China in futui'e for much of its 
contract labour, it will be well to view this emigration by the light of such 
experience as we already possess. In 1853 a considerable number of Chinese, 
about 1,100, were introduced here. They were imported in three ships, of 
which the fii-st named, the Australia, arrived on the 4th of INIarch, having left 
Amoy about the close of 1852; she disembarked upwards of 400 men, nearly 



78 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

all in good order. Altliough at first troublesome from misunderstandings on 
the score of work or wages, which were neither easily avoided nor arranged 
on account of a total absence of interpreters, yet these people generally turned 
out well, because they were able-bodied peasants, and landed here early 
enough in the year to become seasoned duiing the dry weather to the climate 
and customs of the country. The second ship, the Clarendon, arrived from 
Canton on the 23rd of April with an equal selected body of men — rather late 
in the season perhaps, but still early enough for the lot to become somewhat 
settled before the rains commenced. This is a ^^ sine qua non^' to all safe 
immigration hither ; for even the native labourers from the other islands 
undergo a more or less sharp seasoning if they migrate to Trinidad late in the 
year. During dry weather the sea breeze invigorates, the manufacture of 
sugar is cheerful, and though last not least, the wages are comparatively 
high ; a strong man's strength is then a very marketable commodity, and may 
be fully exercised without risk, while at the same time, an abundant supply 
of nutritious and palatable sweets, leaves little to be desired in the shape of 
food. But after the wet season commences, about the end of Maj-, with an 
average rainfall of 80 inches between that and January, perhaps with some 
three weeks of temperate weather intervening in September or October, the 
cheerful bustle of crop changes to the unvarying monotomy of weeding un- 
drained clays, which habit alone can render endurable. The wages too are 
lower, and while the seasoned immigrant works on without much risk in the 
rain, earning perhaps his shilling in less than five hom^s, the new comer falls 
sick at once, or earns a pittance inadequate to meet the wants of a system 
lowered by cold and damp. The seasoned immigrant returns from the field 
to a home which experience has furnished with the requisite appliances, 
while the new comer sits down in cold discomfort, without, in all probability, 
the precaution of shifting his damp clothing ; hence dysentery and gangrenous 
ulceration of the extremities, aggravated to a certain extent by the want of 
cleanliness and foul-feeding which characterize the great mass of Eastern im- 
migrants. The last ship of 1853 was the Lady Flora Hastings, frcm the 
Province of Fokeen. Her immigrants were inferior to those by the two 
other ships, and many were confirmed opium-smokers. They were landed 
dm^ing the first week in July, proved a source of continual annoyance to the 
estates that received them, and, before six months passed, sufiered so severely 
from dysentery and sores, as to form a subject of inquiry by the Local Go- 
vernment. 

16. After a lapse of nine years, Chinese immigration was renewed, and the 
"Wanata arrived in Jul}^ 1862, from Hong Kong with 452 souls, of Avhom 115 
were Avomcn. The season of the year was against them, and their previous 
occuptions, as reported at the time, unfitted the greater number for the expo- 
sure and laborious life of agriculturists. Their women have made a still more 
unfavourable impression. Of 109 originally distributed on estates, only five 
are now returned as present. They were shipped as the wives of immigrants. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 79 

Tv^liom they have now either left, or by whom they have been altogether 
repudiated. Very few of them have even attempted to gain their own liveli- 
hood, and their reputed husbands were incapable of self-support, much less of 
affording any assistance from their scanty earnings, averaging less than. 5d. 
per day. These women were imported at an enormous expense, and have 
turned out worse than useless. It is therefore desirable that any further 
accession of Chinese to this country should consist not only of men who can 
support themselves, but of their bond Jide wives, able and willing to help the 
husbands ; for there is no experience on record here to show that the Chinese 
labourer can do more during the first year of residence than, support himself. 
However small the proportion of women to accompany the Chinese arrivals of 
next year, it should be restricted to legal wives whom they cannot desert, 
otherwise, it were better to send the great majority of immigrants as single 
men, and trust to their finding wives here, like their predecessors, among the 
natives of the colony, who can appreciate their industry and other good 
qualities. In the last Census the males of Trinidad outnumber the females, 
but when the Indian element, which does not intermarry with the others, is 
eliminated, the females preponderate, as in nearly all the other British West 
India Colonies. As regards the Chinese women who may be introduced here 
in future, it becomes a question of great importance to their own safety, 
whether they should not be indentured on arrival like any other female immi- 
grants. The measure would be applicable to all persons able to work when the 
husband declined the responsibility of supporting, and would at least secure to 
these unfortunates the same Government surveillance which is now extended 
to the males. 

17. Perhaps Chinese immigrants would be more careful with whom they 
elected to embark as wives, were they aware that they cannot purchase any 
balance of contract residence here, vnthout also liquidating whatever was due 
on the previous account of their reputed wives (see clause 21 of Ordinance 
No. 16, 1862). The agent in China, when he informs them of this and the 
general laws of the colony as affecting immigrants, might at the same time 
draw their attention to the fact, that in Trinidad many of their countrymen 
who originally landed as contract labourers have now, by patient industry, 
attained a fair position in life, acquired houses, land, and commercial influence. 
The agent may point to those who have returned to China after ten years' 
residence here with comparative wealth; and these men, five of whom left 
Trinidad this month for Hong Kong, may tell their compatriots there that, 
having overcome the earlier difficulties inseparable from expatriation, they not 
only managed to live with comfort, but to carry back with them from 3,000 
dols. to 4,000 dols. each, and that the same good fortune awaits those who un- 
flinchingly pursue the same career. 

18. Advances. — This also is a question of too great importance to be passed 
over in silence, when the results of experience are being canvassed. Its 
proper treatment ranks next to the proper season for embarking emigrants. 



80 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

Few of the Chinese of 1853 ever repaid the money advanced to them in 
China, although great numbers of the men by the two earlier ships eventually 
tm-ned out first-rate labourers when they were well managed. The attempt 
to deduct it, even in the smallest proportions, caused such endless strife and 
vagrancy, that the greater number of proprietors preferred paying it them- 
selves, and in many cases it was never ultimately recovered. All experience 
here is certainly against its being made payable from the labourers' wages. 
In the instance of the people by the Wanata, who have been now nearly two 
years in the colony, out of 326 contract servants, who thus owed an aggregate 
of £900, only two have repaid 10 dols. each, and they happen to be household 
servants ; none of the rest appear to have saved a single dollar, and one who 
hanged himself, a tailor by trade, was reported to have done so to escape the 
repayment of moneys which he found his earnings could never satisfy. 
Should immigration continue from China, and it be found impracticable to 
embark immigrants without the inducement of advances, let them be in the 
form of bounty, and allow theii- scanty wages to be paid free of deduction. 
The mere fact of debt hanging over them caused many to abscond or become 
despondent,]and aggravated the disadvantages under which they laboured when 
encomitering on arrival a language and customs alike strange. The bounty, 
well applied, would induce a better class of men to emigrate, and if inexpe- 
dient to make it altogether a free gift, it might be repaid by the immigrant at 
the close of his contract, as one of the conditions of receiving his certificate of 
industrial residence, and if he were then either unable or unwilling to repay 
the money, his contract might be extended for another year, on which the 
employer should pay the indenture fee into the Treasury, to reimburse 
the colony for the bounty advanced. The risk of loss would not be great, 
and the arrangement is not one whose principle would be objected to either by 
the employer or the contract servant. 

19. The expected arrival of a continuous stream of Chinese immigrants 
induced me to suggest in conclusion the advisability of laying some restric- 
tions on the sale of opium as now conducted here. Where the drug is high- 
priced as in China, it can only be used in moderation by the working classes, 
when its stimulus is as harmless and agreeable as those of tea, tobacco, &c. ; 
but when cheap as it happens to be here, circumstances alter, it is used more 
freely, and gradually becomes a poison, from which the victim rarely escapes. 
The deaths of most of the Chinese here are indii'ectly attributable to the dys- 
enteric affections which generally attend the abuse of opium. 

20. Up to 1863 any Indian immigrant, on giving one month's notice to his 
employer and to the Agent-General, could change his employer and get him- 
self re indentured to another at the end of this third year, a privilege of 
which he could avail himself again for the fifth year. This power of changing 
about has, however, been cancelled by the Imperial Government, and the con- 
tract for five years is to be held as binding on all Indian immigrants arrived 
since 18G3. The wisdom of this legislation is apparent from the fact that 



THE ISLAXD OF TPJXIDAD. 81. 

only IT out of 9,127 contract servants have, during the year 1863, applied for 
leave to change their original settlement. The inference is that they %vere 
satisfied with the employers to whom their services were assigned by Govern- 
ment. 

21. In noting the extraordinary immunity from death which characterizes 
the seasoned Indian, it should have been further stated that similar good for- 
tune occasionally attends the Europeans. In the Port of -Spain Gazette for 
January 1863 it is recorded, and it is to be presumed an authority unlikely to 
be questioned, that during the preceding two and a-half years the mortality in 
Her Majesty's 14th Regiment, numbering 240, was limited to two men, one 
woman, and three children at the Barracks of St. James's in this colony, a 
site usually esteemed insalubrious. 

Henry Mitchell, 
Agent-General of Immigrants. 



IMMIGEATION AXD SUGAP. CULTIYATION. 



Since the Emancipation Act the inhabitants of the British West India 
Colonies have had to contend with many severe trials, and none more so, than 
those interested in Sugar Estates, whose position has been one of deep and 
lasting concern ; causing them considerable anxiety, demanding their best 
consideration, and taxing their energies with a view to devise the most efiective 
means of making their properties meet theii- annual expenditure, if nothing 
more. It cannot be denied that the planters have fi'om year to year invariably 
met with some reverse or other ; a few years past the price of sugar was as 
high as $6 and $1 the 100 lbs ; but this continued for too short a period, and 
the hopes thus raised were disappointed. The good prices were merely suffi- 
cient to enable some properties to pay off part of their large liabilities, and 
since then prices have not been such as to enable the sugar planters to pay off 
part, if any, of their debts, the interest, or cash advances received, or to cover 
their own private expenditure. Therefore let not the people of England judge 
of the unhappy colonists by the specimens they see rolKng in wealth in their 
own country. Those men would be rich, although the Antilles were sunk in 
the sea ; most of those styled West Indians in England, are among the landed 
aristocracy of the country, and perfectly independent of the Colonies in which, 
nevertheless, they have been, and are, the largest land-holders. Mr. Glad- 
stone, when Colonial Minister, said, that the Colonies suffered much from 
absenteeism, and that the Estates would be more prosperous in the hands of 
theu' propiietors, than in those of paid agents. Before, however, entering on 
the broad question of sugar-making generally, as a paying branch of agricul- 
ture, it is necessary to consider first, how far the ^Cane culture ha°s been 
beneficial as a whole. 



82 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

Previous to Emancipation, every British West India Island produced a 
sufficiency of produce to furnisli by taxation an annual revenue for the year's 
current expenditure. This trade was moreover beneficial, and a large amount 
of tonnage found employment ; the labouring population were happy, and 
things generally went on, if not on the most prosperous, at least on a very 
satisfactory, footing. But the picture of these Islands, once of bright colours, 
has faded, and a view of them now, compared with what they were, shows a 
lamentable state of things. In Antigua, Montserrat, Nevis, St. Kitts, Domi- 
nica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, and Tobago, the labourers on being 
freed from the trammels of slavery, at once conceived the idea of travelling. 
Hence a large number of them, as well as many from Barbados, immedi- 
ately found their way to Trinidad, — indeed, soon after the year 1834, and for 
a period of about two years, their passage hither was was paid by the Govern- 
ment. The tables herein show the extent of the organization from 1838 to 1865 ; 
and from the large influx of the same, it is naturally to be inferred that by 
the aid of such immigration, a large quantity of land has been brought into 
Cane cultivation, and that a large return of Produce has been the result. It 
may therefore be not out of place to show also whether and how far — consi- 
dering the large increase of immigration together with the increased and 
powerful macTiinery that has been introduced — the Island has progressed in 
regard to the piaking of Produce. In 1836, the population was 40,354, of 
which 15,759 were under indentui'e. The quantity of Produce made was 
39,657,618 lbs. Sugar ; 2,247,788 lbs. Cocoa ; 143,467 lbs. Coffee ; 309,625 galls. 
Rum; 1,078,082 galls. Molasses; 22,780 lbs. Cotton. 

In the following Districts, the quantity of Produce set opposite to each, 
was made : — 

Erin : 48,950 ft Sugar ; 7,400 galls. Rum. — Guapo : 1,084,315 ft Sugar ; 
27,240 glls. Molasses.— La BuEA : 427,400 ft Sugar; 1,696 glls. Molasses. 
—Irois: 124,992 ft Sugar. — Mayaro : 1,171,711 ft Sugar; 10,982 glls. 
Rum ; 32,106 glls. Molasses ; 18,000 ft Cotton.— Toco : 8,655 ft Sugar ; 521 
glls. Molasses. — Bocas : 4,780 ft Cotton. — Carenage : 399,400 ft Sugar ; 
5,400 galls. Rum. . 

The population of 1861 was 84,431. Thus it may reasonably be considered 
that in 1864 it was fully (if not more) than 90,300. The crop of that year was : 
39,619 Hhds., 6,764 Trcs., 3,115 Brls., 2,583 Bags Sugar, equal to 43,710 Hhds, 
of 1,800 lb each. 15,500 Puns., 184 Trcs., and 529 Brls. Molasses, equal to 
15,700 Puns, at 110 Galls, eaoh. 601 Puns. Rum, at 120 Galls, each. 
5,090,017 lb Cocoa. 13,329 lb Clii :. 185 Bales Cotton, at 300 lb each. 

The following is a comparative statement of the above crops : 

Crop of 1836: — 
89,657,618 lb Sugar; 2,247,788 Jb Cocoa; M3,467 lb Coffee ; 309,625 Glls. 
Rum; 1,078,082 Galls. Molasses, 22,780 1b. Cotton.— Population, 40,354, of 
which 15,759 were Apprentices. 



the island of trinidad. ss" 

Crop of 1864: — 
78,678,000 lb Sugar; 5,090,017 lb Cocoa; 13,329 lb Cojffee; 72,120 Galls. 
Rum; 1,729,640 Galls. Molasses ; 55,500 lb Cotton.— Population, 90,000. 

It is of importance also to state, that although seven districts have been 
shown, in which produce to a certain "extent was made, yet, none of these 
districts do now produce one pound of sugar, or cotton, or one gallon of rum or 
molasses. On the contrary, all Sugar Estates that then existed, have been 
abandoned, and many of them sold for Ward-rates, and those that were not 
sold had to be taken over by the Crown for the rates due. Thus the deficiency 
of the Estases in the seven districts mentioned, has, it is to be presumed, been 
made up by the increase of the crops of Estates in other districts where 
perhaps, the soil was better, and labour more easily obtainable. But con- 
sidering the large increase of labourers, and the extensive and powerful 
machinery introduced, has such really been the case ? Again, referring to the 
yearly extent of Immigration in comparison to the crop made, it cannot be 
denied that, with all the energy, all the economy, all the attention, and all the 
supervision, yet, are things working to that advantage as might be expected, 
and in a manner highly satisfactory to those immediately connected or con- 
cerned ? No doubt some Estates have made good crops, and those crops have 
yielded to the proprietor a fair, or even a handsome nett return, but how many 
Estates have done so ? On the other hand, it cannot be denied that without 
the large number of Immigrants that have been introduced, the present crops 
could never have been made — and for this increase of Immigration the Colony 
owes a lasting debt of gratitude to the Honorable C. W. Warner, who has 
always been the most able and persevering advocate of Immigration, and it is 
to his untiring and zealous efforts in its cause, that the inhabitants, and 
more particularly the planters of Trinidad, owe a deep and lasting debt of 
gratitude. 

It is stated that on their arrival in the French Colonies the Coolies are, pre- 
vious to landing, made to attire themselve as civilized beings. For this pur- 
pose proper clothing is provided for them — nor are they permitted to be 
engaged as shopkeepers or traders in any way. In Trinidad the eyes of the 
inhabitants, high and low, are compelled to behold these people almost in an 
entire state of nudity — it being contended by some that there should be no 
interference with them in this respect. The reply to such doctrine is when 
they are sent to prison, are they not made to attire themselves in like manner 
as the other prisoners ? And are they not obliged to keep themselves clean ? 
Surely then there could be no reason why they should not be told that they 
must clothe themselves as other people do — and if this were done, it would also 
tend to benefit trade— as the Dry Goods merchants would necessarily have to 
increase their importations. Again, these people are without any true religion, 
and have, consequently, little or no regard for the laws of God or man. There- 
fore in such a state they cannot tend to the general benefit and advancement 
of the Colony to that extent as they ought, or, no doubt, would do, were they 



84 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL YIEW OF 

frequently and quietly exhorted by the clergy who should without, in the 
slightest manner, infringing on their Faith or Religion (if they possess either, 
which is doubtful) remind them that the laws of God demand that every man 
should labour honestly and industriously six days in the week for his daily 
bread, and that the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord his God. 'Move : 
it must be remembered that the Coolies have no motive for any great exertion. 
Their simple wants are confined to a few yards of cotton, be it white, yellow, 
or red, a small quantity of coconut-oil, a few pounds of rice, and a few peppers, 
and thus one or two days' work is sufficient to provide them with a week's sub- 
sistence. Hence, the limited extent of labour that is performed by, or ob- 
tained from, them as a whole. It may be all very well to say that they are 
by law bound to labour fi.ve daj^s in each week — but how many of them do 
so? Again, their propensity for tramping is great, their idle habits also large, 
and the difference between meum and tuicm, is in a very great measure a stran- 
ger to them. At the same time they are persons of quick apprehension. This^ 
added to their cunning and the little faith that can be reposed in anything 
that they say, point them out as persons requiring wholesome counsel. With 
respect to the labourers from the other West India Islands they enjoy a free 
and unfettered life without contributing towards the Revenue of the Colony — 
and, unfortunately, many of them have left their country for theii- country's 
good. The existence of the Sugar Planters of the Island depends on the 
power within themselves — for it is manifest that without any protective duty 
the increase of Sugar Cultivation in Cuba, Porto Rico, Brazils, &c., will render 
the prospects of the British Sugar Planter very precarious, for, if sugar costs 
them in the cultivation and manufacture more than in those countries, it is 
obvious that Porto Rico, Cuba, &c., must supplant the British grower in the 
British market. Thus, the planters here must suit their expenses to those of 
the adverse and corax^eting iJarty which threatens to overwhelm them. 

From all this follows the necessity for the planters to do all in their power 
for the benefit of their labourers. This should be one of their primary objects- 
Attention to their wants and comforts, together with sound and wholesome 
advice, would tend to do much good. Nor can it be denied that it is within 
the means of every planter to do a considerable amount of good in this way. 
Measures such as these, aided by the labor of the clergy, will, no doubt, tend 
to make the Coolie and Chinese labourer more tractable. This would render 
the task of dealing with them less irksome. The advancement of an Island 
like Trinidad, where there is such a mixture of nations, depends in a great 
measure upon the spiritual attention and instruction of the labouring popula- 
tion ; the stringent enforcement of the Police-laws ; the prevention, by the 
strong arm of the law, of vagrancy and idleness — (for idleness is the root of all 
evil), and the enforcement of the keeping of the Lord's Day Holy. Tawards 
the first of these requirements a great deal depends upon clergymen of all 
denominations or creeds — their continual visits to the cottages of the labourers 
and their advice to them in a quiet way, cannot but tend to do more good than 



THE ISLAND OF TFJMDAD. 85 

a score of sermons, or of waiting until one of these people are condemned to 
be executed, and then in the course of 12 or 15 days to try to convert him — 
because, in the cottage they will have an opportunity of witnessing the way 
the people live, the manner in which the children are attended to, and all im- 
perfections which they would otherwise be ignorant of. It would also not 
only tend as a check to evil-doings, but have the effect of gradually bringing 
these people to a proper sense of the necessity of labouring steadily, honestly* 
and by the sweat of their brow for their daily bread. True religion strengthens 
hope, gives energy, and prepares man to meet adversity as well as prosperity. 

Thou Fair Religion wert designed 
Deitious daughter of the skies, 
To warm and cheer the human mind 
And make men happy, good and wise. 

These remarks are not intended to be confined to Asiatics. They apply equally 
to those who profess to be Christians, but who are exceedingly ignorant of the 
religion they profess to belong to : hence a further field for the exertions of 
the several Ministers of Religion. 

The Police laws have also a moral tendency, therefore, if rigidly enforced 
they must benefit the community ; and more particularly those whose propen- 
sities are vicious. Summary and stringent laws for the prevention of vagrancy 
and squatting, will also tend greatly to benefit a people who have not given 
a thought to honest habits. All these combined, must eventually create a 
very wholesome change in regard to a number of x^eople, who would otherwise, 
continue in a state of ignorance and vice. Every man is bound to contribute 
his indvistry, for the purpose of promoting the general prosperity, and of 
supporting the laws of the Government by which his person and property are 
protected, by at once undertaking and persisting in a steady course of industry, 
whatever his calling may be, and by a ready obedience to the laws themselves, 
and by encouraging and endeavouring to enforce the like conduct in others. 
By so doing, men not only serve their own comfort aud happiness, but impart 
to the Government the highest possible satisfaction for their good behaviour. 

Returning to the subject of the Sugar Planters, or the growth and manufac- 
ture of Sugar — there is one evil they suffer from, and that is, the great 
difference of the labourer, as to the quality of work that passes through his 
hands. The most important operation in husbandry, that of turning up the 
field, is unfortunately of all others, the most difficult to perform perfectly, as 
it requires both a willing mind and a strong arm. It is well known how the 
process of shovel, and hoe-ploughing is gone through, if the most vigilant 
surveillance is not constantly kept over the people, and even then, the ground 
is very rarely turned up to a greater depth than four- or five inches. If 
the Plough is fairly established, the expense of ploughing, and cross- 
ploughing three or four times will not be greater than that of one shovel or 
hoe-ploughing at present, while the disintegration and loosening of the soil 
will be infinitely better executed; and to a greater depth. Thorough drainage 



86 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL YTEVT OF 

is also in itself one of those improvements which has its advantages, and there 
can he no douht that it is such as should be adopted, particularly in certain 
localities of the island. The price of labour, and other disadvantages, which 
the Sugar Planter labours under here, as compared with the value of the same 
article in Cuba, Porto Rico, and Brazil, render the introduction not only of the 
plough, but other implements, of vast importance ; because, in so far as the 
cost of culture exceeds in Trinidad what it is in other countries, by so much 
will the Planter here benefit especially by their use. In maintaining compe- 
tition with slave countries, the British Sugar Planters have not only to prevent 
them, if possible, from getting in advance in the career of improvement 
generally, but to select those inventions particularly which will be of great 
advantage to us, and of little importance to them. Such, probably, is the 
instrument under consideration, which in the present state of manual labour in 
those places, will not be deemed of much consequence. If they can get their 
land turned up as cheaply by slaves as by the plough, there is really no neces- 
sity for the latter. Certainly it cannot be any where more ui'gently requii'ed 
than here, where the expenses of cultivation form a very heavy item. 

If it be asked, how we can propose to obtain a loan on the security of pro- 
perty which is already encumbered ? the reply is, that the Estates are there, 
in every respect better than on the establishment of Freedom ; that the funds 
of the proprietors have been exhausted in keeping them up ; that there is 
every reason to believe that they will, bi/ proper protection, regain their lost 
value when the causes of depreciation are removed ; and that the measure from 
time to time recommended will be in itself one of the most powerful means of 
effecting this. Sure it is, that with copious immigration from Africa, the 
employment of the plough and other agricultural implements conjoined, the 
British Sugar Planter might, to a great extent, be able to support competi- 
tion with Foreign Sugar growing countries ; and when it is shewn that the 
British Sugar Planter can do this, the value of landed property will rise to 
at least its former rate, if not more. Notwithstanding the yearly arrival in 
the island of a large number of Coolies and Chinese laborers, the price of 
labor is still the same. It is evident, from this circumstance alone, that the 
nature of the imported laborer, and his habits and wants, are to be naturally 
considered. The Coolies, as already stated, (unless actuated by the desii-e to 
return to their own country,) have no other motive for exertion. Now, expe- 
rience has proved that that one African will do as much in a month as two 
Coolies — and it may even be said three. The Creole laborer works hard when 
he has an object in view : either the purchase of land or an assortment of 
finery for holidays, &c. The African labors to obtain abundance of food, of 
which (thanks to his stomach) he can devour a large quantity. This grand 
stimulus to exertion will keep him occupied until he acquires the habits of a 
more civilized life, when his taste also becomes greater for good food and 
good wearing apparel, and above all, a cottage and a piece of ground of his 
own, whereon he settles down a peaceable and industrious member of the 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 87 

community, and above all, a Christian — going to work on the neighbouring 
Estates during the day and returning to his home at night ; and whilst he so 
labors, so do his wife and children. They, in due time, cultivate their small 
patch of ground. Africa is the quarter from whence, if good laborers are 
required, they should bej if j)ossible, derived : and this will not only be for 
the advantage of the British Sugar Planter, but infinitely more for the advan- 
tage and benefit of the people themselves. With respect to the Coolies and 
Chinese, a glance at the report of the Superintendent of Prisons for 1864, 
shows that the total number of Coolies and Chinese immigrants committed to 
prison during that year was 693 of the former and 90 of the latter, and the 
total number of days of imprisonment amounted to 31,738. The Agent- 
General of Immigrants, in his report of 3rd April, 1865, to the Colonial 
Secretary, states : " The indentured Indian immigrants illegally absent from 
" their respective Estates in December, 1864, were in round numbers 600, as 
"against 450 in 1863, and 370 in 1862, while the total numbers under inden- 
"ture for these thre years were respectively 9,975, 10,525, and 9,629. In 
" 1864, there were also 120 Chinese absent, making in all 720 absentees. 
" This absence of 720 hands from an indentured total of 10,000, is equal to 7 
"per cent, on the annual labor of the Colony, that is, of the introduced labor, 
" without which, experience has shown, that production, with its demand for 
" supplemental labor, would cease. This 7 per cent, on an export equivalent 
" to 65,000 hogsheads, declares a loss, or rather a diminution of exportable 
" produce, of 4500 hogsheads." 

One of the largest proprietors of Sugar Estates in this Island, writing to a 
friend, states : " I feel convinced that India will not supply us with Immi- 
" grants beyond another year or so, and to China must we look entirely for our 
" future supply." These are expressions worthy of respectful attention and 
serious consideration as to the advisability of adopting early arrangements 
based on a sound and healthy footing for the future. Again, adverting to the 
labourers of the other islands, it may be worthy of consideration how far these 
people can be looked upon as a steady acquisition to the agricultural wants of 
the island, and whether they can be further looked upon as so many steady 
and industrial hands at all times available. It is a well known fact, that a 
large proportion of those who arrive here immediately prior to or during crop,, 
come here with no other intention than that of making what they can during 
crop time, and again returning to their native land with their gains or spoils,, 
whether by honest industry or otherwise. During their stay in the island 
they contribute little or nothing towards the Revenue, have no charges 
to defray towards the State ; it is a time of gain for them, and what 
they would otherwise expend in the island is reserved to benefit their own 
country. With -this question dovetails another equally important in regard to 
Immigration — that of the importation of Africans from the United State?, 
which, if calmly looked to, will be found one of most civilizing projects for the 
salvation of ^Trinidad. They are a people who are intelligent, hard working, and 



88 IIISTOKICAL AND STATISTICAL TIE^Y OF 

of a knowledge of various crafts which now entail great annoyance to have 
carried out and mostly by incompetent hands. Moreover, these people will, 
by their industrious and religious habits which they have acquired in a more 
extensive field, diffuse among their less enlightened fellow-creatures similar 
habits which will tend to the general welfare and benefit of the island. As a 
proof of this, see what they have done in Liberia ! There cannot, therefore, 
be a doubt that the introduction of a large number of these people under ar- 
rangements and agreements equally beneficial to one side as to the other, will 
be the means of raising Trinidad to the highest standard as an exporting 
colony of the West Indies, and the present moment seems propitious for the 
measure. But the man selected to carry out the project must, of every neces- 
sity, be one who will not withhold any information which might afterwards 
be considered was done with a view to deceive — and whilst here advocating 
an immigration that will tend to such great advantage for the island, it would 
not be wise to disregard Earl Grey's Despatches, when Secretary of State for 
the Colonies, to Lord Harris, touching the importance of establishing Free 
Villages in the vicinity of the most populous agricultural districts of the island. 
No doubt, it may be said that the introduction of labourers from the United 
States has already been tried, and, to a certain degree, failed. Granted, but 
why did it fail ? Because, in regard to the first batch imported, proper ar- 
rangements had not been made for their reception on arrival and on the Es- 
tates where they were to be located. Again, on a second trial being made, 
it is to be regretted that a more fit and proper person than the one that did 
go had not been selected — nor was that man in possession of instructions or 
armed with such jDowers as to enable him sufficiently to guarantee to those 
people the footing on which they were to be dealt with, the manner in which 
they would be treated, where they were to be located, how lodged, the amount 
of wages they would receive in accordance to the amount of work performed, 
the nature of such work, and the provisions to be made for their wives and 
their children. Hence, the Agent, if he may so be called, on his arrival in 
the United States, not being in a position to satisfy the people in regard to the 
several particulars above stated, and being himself not very prepossessing in 
his manners, and void of a proper knowledge of the people he was to treat 
with, was only able to induce eight persons to come out. 

In conclusion, it must however be admitted, that even under the most 
favorable circumstances, it cannot be denied that the position of the Sugar 
Planters is one of the most critical nature, one as already stated giving cause 
for serious reflection as to the future. Indeed, from time to time, they have 
had, and will have, to contend against circumstances far beyond their control 
— for be it remembered, that even when Immigration was first mooted — a 
certain Society, to use the phrase so irreverently introduced by the offspring 
of one of its first numbers, raised " its bray" against any scheme of Immi- 
gration whatever, on grounds which were altogether inadequate, and which 
showed too clearly that this " body " retained its ancient hostility to the 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 89 

Planter. The Planters have therefore had no small experience in respect to 
difficulties, and had to persevere under many adverse circumstances, nor can 
they even now assert that they are more free— while thus struggling with the 
insurmountable difficulties in one way and another, with which they have to 
contend. They should turn their attention to treating their labourers in a 
manner calculated to bring them to a love, not only of agricultural pursuits, 
but also of the locality itself. It is well known that the cost of production in 
the slave countries, which have long been placed on a footing of equality 
with Great Britain, is not more than two-thirds of ours. It njay be set down 
at £10 per ton, while ours is £15 per ton. It is this small cost of production, 
which during the prevalence of low prices in those markets to which her 
produce was admissible, has enabled Cuba, in a few years, to increase her 
exports of sugar from 100,000 tons to 600,000 tons. This latter quantity, 
under the stimulus of good prices, she may double in as short a period. Her 
present population is equal to it — she has only to substitute sugar for less 
remunerative staples ; and it must further be borne in mind, that any measure 
adopted by Great Britain that will increase the consumption of sugar will 
operate speedily on Cuba, and be made manifest in the extension of her cane 
cultivation, so long as she can introduce slaves. So far from the British 
Sugar Planter being able to compete with slave countries under existing 
circumstances, there are proofs to show to the contrary, and nothing short of 
a protective duty will tend to put the British Sugar Planter in a position that 
will gradually tend to relieve him from the disadvantages he at present 
labours under. 

In connection with Immigration, is subjoined the following Appeal to the 
Clergy and other members of the Church of England, connected with 
Trinidad, on behalf of the Heathen Immigrants in that Island, by the Bishop 
of Barbados : — 

" My Christian Friends, — Having lately, in the discharge of my episcopal 
functions spent some weeks in Trinidad, and having made the condition of 
the Immigrants in that Island an especial object of observation and inquiry, I 
consider it a duty which I owe, not merely to them or to Trinidad, but to the 
Church as connected with them in that country, to bring the subject formally 
before you, and earnestly to solicit your serious consideration of it, in the hope 
and with the prayer, that through God's mercy in Christ, we may through His 
grace and blessing be enabled by our united thoughts and efforts to contribute 
towards bringing these heathen multitudes to the knowledge of Christ, and at 
the same time counteract what is now a great and growing evil, full of danger 
to society and to the Church. 

" By the Census of last year, April 1861, it appears that the population of 
Trinidad was 84,438, and that the Immigrants from China, India and Africa 
amounted to 19,984, to which have since been added 1967 Coolies from India, 
and by this time probably about 450 more from China, which would make 



90 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OP 

the whole number about 22,400. As the Immigration is still continued and is 
likely to be continued indefinitely, the number may be expected to increase 
considerably. In the last ten years the Coolies from India have increased in 
number more than three-fold, i.e., from 4,169 to 13,488 ; notwithstanding the 
opportunity they have had, after five years industrial residence as indentured 
labourers, of returning to India at the public expense. 

" It appears indeed that the inclination to return to India which was strong 
in the Coolies at first, has gradually subsided; and that now very few, 
comparatively, avail themselves of opportunities of doing so. The Coolies 
may therefore be regarded as a rapidly increasing portion of the population of 
Trinidad ; and if the increase should go on in the same ratio as that of the 
ten years ending April 1861, then in 1871 their numbers are likely to 
be about 40,000, or more, in all probability, with a large addition also of 
Chinese. 

" The African portion of the population is apparently on the decrease ; 
6,093 in 1861 against 8,097 in 1851 : but it may be that their children are 
reckoned as natives of Trinidad, and that adults themselves are not always 
distinguishable from the Creoles of African descent. There was however 
great mortality among them from the Cholera in 1854. 

" That the Immigration has contributed to the prosperity of the country, 
perhaps to its preservation from ruin, and is likely to conduce more and more 
to agricultural and commercial wealth, I am fully prepared to admit ; and 
far am I from wishing to complain of a course of policy, which seems almost 
necessary to the development of the varied resources of this rich and beautiful 
Island. There are, however, other views of the subject besides the material 
one ; and of this I feel persuaded, that, however important it is to have labour 
for our fields, brought if necessary from our very antipodes, no right-minded 
person, much less any thoughtful Christian, can for a moment suppose that 
we may with propriety or even with impunity regard the immigrants as mere 
implements of husbandry or look upon them just as we should on so many 
mules or horses imported for agricultural purposes : for that, even if as fellow- 
men they had no claims upon us, still a regard to the state of the country in 
a social, or civil, or religious view, calls upon us to look vigilantly to the 
efiects likely to ensue, if no counteracting influences be employed, from the 
continual influx, year after year, of these streams of heathenism, till the streams 
unite into a flood, and the flood shall rise by degrees to our very doors, and 
threaten to overwhelm the rest of the population. 

" It must be kept in mind that the Immigrants are almost universally 
heathens, and if not savages, yet semi-barbarians at the best, being of the 
lowest classes in their own heathen country, characterised by many heathen 
vices, and in particular by a disregard of truth and justice, and even of life 
itself. Shall this uncivilized heathenism be allowed to grow and spread, 
unchecked and uncorrected, and one of the finest of our West Indian Colonies 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



91 



become the abode of barbarism? Humanity and sound policy at once 
reply : ' It is not to be.' 

" But it is chiefly to Christian principle and Christian feeling that I would 
now appeal ; being indeed convinced that, if we would advance the interests 
of humanity or of social policy, we cannot do so better, nay more, we cannot 
do so otherwise, than by promoting Christian piety. And addressing Christians, 
especially Christians of the Chm^ch of England, resident in Trinidad, or having 
property there, or otherwise connected with the Island, or interested in its 
welfare, I may at once assume that as Christians they must desire to have the 
Immigrant heathen made partakers of the blessings of the Gospel and made 
disciples with them of the Son of God ; that so they may become not only an 
addition (otherwise perhaps a dangerous addition) to the labour of the country, 
but an accession also to the Church of God. Even their services in promoting 
the prosperity of the country, demand some such return at our hands ; whilst 
a sense of self-preservation calls for it as a precaution : how much more still 
should we be influenced by the recollection that Indians and Chinese are, 
together with ourselves, objects of redeeming Love,-— that for them, as for us, 
Christ died, and that they, no less than the people of Europe or of England, 
are included within that great and gracious commission : * Go make disciples 
of all nations.' 

" The only question apparently for which there is really room among 
Christians on this subject is not, ' Shall these heathen be invited into the 
Church of Christ ? ' — but, ' How best shall the work of evangelising them be 
done, or at least, in humble submission to God's will and in dependence upon 
His grace, be attempted ? ' This is a question which has long occupied my 
thoughts, and to which I now propose to offer a reply, being of opinion not 
only that the duty is come upon us, but the time also for performing it, with 
the means for its prosecution, if only we will gird ourselves to the undertaking 
in faith and prayer, with earnestness and energy, helping each other in our 
different places and proportions, as members together of the Body of 
which Christ is the Head: — members, from each of whom He expects 
that he should contribute in his measure towards the health and the growth 
of the body. 

" In thus expressing myself I do not mean to imply that nothing has as yet 
been done for the christianizing of the Immigrants. On the contrary I 
acknowledge that from their first introduction into the country isolated efforts 
have been made both by the Clergy and others, in Sunday Schools and other 
ways for their instruction. Amongst the Laity I cannot refrain from making 
most grateful mention of two gentlemen in particular, who have set a noble 
example in this respect : one W. F. Burnley, Esq., non-resident Proprietor 
of Orange Grove, Tacarigua; the other H. Darling, Esq., resident Proprietor 
of the Lothians Estate in South Xaparima. By the former was sent out in 
1856, at a liberal salary, a Teacher well acquainted with Hindustani to act 



92 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

under the Clergyman of the Parish as Catechist among the Coolies. This 
person was indeed obliged ere long to return to England. But his coming 
was not Avithout its fruit. Through the zealous exertions of Mr. Burnley's 
local Representatiye, Wm. Eccles, Esq., and others, the Rector of the Parish 
of St. ^lary especially, with the continued aid of ]\Ir. Burnley, and liberal 
encouragement fi'om the Governor and Council, it led to the establishment in 
1857 of a regular Home for Orphan Coolie children, in which there are now 
(May 1862), 63 orphans maintained and taught, and most carefully trained to 
industrial work, domestic and agricultural : the Home itself, just opposite the 
Parish Church, with one building for the boys, another parallel to it for the 
girls, and the School House at the end, being quite an ornament to the 
neighbourhood, as the Institution is an honor and a blessing to the Island. 

" In this way not only have the physical wants of the Orphans been provided 
for, but Christian training and instruction have been given them : whilst through 
them, it is to be hoped, many more from their fellow-countrymen may here- 
after be brought into the Christian fold : care being taken with this view 
that they shall retain their Indian dialect, and so, when dispersed about in life, 
be to their fellow-countrymen as salt in the mass ; some of them, perhaps, 
becoming direectly useful as Teachers.* 

" Whilst this good work was going on in the North of the Island, in the 
South ]Mr. Darling was working in the same direction by the maintenance on 
his Estate of an Indian School for Coolie Chikben, to which he has recently 
added a Catechist from India for the instruction of the adults. Most affecting 
is it to hear the little Hindoo children, whose ordinary language is still that 
of their native land, rehearse distinctly their little hymns in Englisb, with 
verses from the Holy Scriptui-e, or answer simple questions in Bible History, 
or on Christian truth, or repeat in their own language the Christian Creed and 
the prayer of our Lord. The Lothians School has 24 schoolars of whom 21 
are Hindoo. 

" In the same Parish at the School on Golconda Estate I had the satisfaction 
recently of seeing 9 Coolie children present. 

" There is another School of 20 little Coolies under a Teacher from India, 
established by the Trinidad Missionary Association in Chacon Street, Fort of 
Spain, uiider'the charge of the liev. S. L. B. llichards, which also premisses 
to become an additional centre of much good. 

" Altoo-ethcr the number of Coolies under instruction within our pale as far 
as I could ascertain during my recent slay in Trinidad, are 121 children and 54 
adults. Beyond our pale there may be others, but I am not aware of any 
special efforts in this direction made out of our Church, beyond the fact that 
many Coolies have been baptized into the Ilonian Catholic Communion. 

* Cost of the buildings altogether £1780, towards which the local Governmeut 
gave £500. This year (1862) the boys at the Asylum have made four and a half 
hogsheads of sugar. 



THE ISLAND OF TElJN'IDAD. 93 

" The number of Coolies baptized in our Church was on the 1st of this 
month 193 of whom 49 were adults. Of this number I had the satisfaction on 
the 11th April last of baptizing at St. Stephen's Church, Savanna Grande, 11 
men, 7 women, 9 boys and 2 girls, in all 29 : who had been instructed by- 
means of the Catechist brought from India by Mr. Darling, and through him 
examined by me before they were admitted to baptism. 

" Before I left Trinidad I was informed by the same Teacher that he had 28 
more under instruction, ready to be presented for baptism ; making in all 57 
prepared by one teacher in a comparatively short space of time. 

" This fact, combined with the success of the Tacarigua School commenced 
under a teachei- acquainted with Hindustani, and of the Schools at Lothians 
and Port-of-Spain, both under Hindoo Teachers, have impressed me strongly 
with the conviction, that what we require for the Coolies is not a separate 
class of Missionary Clergy — a system which would involve a large expendi- 
ture and be open to other grave objections, but some Christian teachers from 
India of a subordinate class, through whom, as interpreters andcatechists, and 
also as teachers of Schools (infant Schools especially), the Clergy might have 
easy access to the Hindoo mind, and so bring them over with God's blessing 
in greater numbers to the faith and fold of Christ. 

" A few such teachers would be sufficient at first, and ere long, perhaps, as 
the children of our Schools grow up, and more of the adults become Chris- 
tians, and the English language becomes (as to such it v^ill soon become) 
familiar, we shall be provided with interpreters and teachers from amono-st 
the Immigrants themselves, and have no longer to look to India for them. 

" Meanwhile we have to provide as helpers to the Clergy in this great and 
necessary work Hindoo Christian Teachers, who can be well^recommended 
from India as such. 

" The expense of maintaining in Trinidad one Hindoo Teacher, if single, 
would be, about £60 annually ; if married, his wife acting as Schoolmistress, 
£90 for both. Their passage from India would probably be obtained free of 
expense, if only on shipboard they acted as Interpreters or made themselves 
otherwise useful. 

" To do the work on a scale at all satisfactory, an income of about £1,000 a 
year would be necessary ; or more, if the erection of School-houses or resi- 
dences for the teachers should be required. 

" With the %iew of raising such a fund and providing for its proper manage 
ment and application, it has been deemed advisable to establish in Trinidad 
Missionary Association with this object exclusively in view, the aidino-, I 
mean, of the Clergy of our Church in the evangelizing of the Immigrants ; 
and I earnestly hope and trust that throughout the Island the Association will 
be cordially supported in its work, not by the Clergy only, whom it proposes 
to help, but by all classes of persons. But in an undertaking of this nature, 
we naturally loek for encouragement and aid, not only from persons resident 



94 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

in Trinidad, but from non-residents also, who by their property or other ties, 
are connected with the Island, or in any way interested in its welfare, and 
even from persons in no way specially connected with Trinidad, yet interested 
in the spread of the Gospel and the extension of our Redeemer's Kingdom, 
especially throughout the British dominions. 

" My remarks hitherto have been confined almost exclusively to the Coolies 
from India ; partly because they are by far the most numerous portion of the 
Immigrants, but chiefly because they are most difficult of access, and much less 
disposed to mingle with the general population of the country ; having also an 
idea (though now with most of them scarcely more than an idea) of returning 
some day, without expense to themselves, to their native land. : yet an idea 
which keeps them unsettled, mere vagrants too often, and causes them to stand 
aloof from all Christian influences. 

"The Chinese, who has no such prospect before him, more readily falls into 
the ways of the country, more easily learns the language, and is altogether 
more amenable to Christian instruction. On the 13th of last month, when I 
held a Confirmation at St. Paul's Church in San Fernando, there were 
present fourteen baptized Chinese out of the 461 supposed to be their 
aggregate number. The whole number of baptized Chinese in our Church 
is about 50. 

" The Africans, bringing as a body no common language of their own with 
them, and finding persons of African descent already in the country, are more 
readily absorbed into the general population : though amongst them are to be 
found here and there worse samples of barbarism than China or even India 
supplies us with. 

" The measure suggested for the case of the Coolies, of special Catechists 
and Teachers from among their own Countrymen, or one of a similar character, 
will be applicable no less to the case of the Chinese or even of the African ; 
and no doubt our Trinidad Missionary Association will keep their spiritual 
destitution in view as well as that of the Hindoo. 

" Still the pressing call at present upon our Christian charity is that of the 
Coolies. Their numbers, the difficulty of dealing with them single handed, 
their intelligence when awakened to inquiry, and the change that is appar- 
ently coming over them, as regards their bigotry to India and their hereditary 
customs, religious or social, all call^loudly for some more combined and more 
general efforts than have as yet been made for their good. 

" I might enlarge upon the benefits likely to ensue to Trinidad itself and to 
all concerned in it from the Christianizing of the Heathen Immigrants and of 
the Coolies in particular. See at once how his very appearance vrould 
be changed — his dress, if dress it may be called; — the expression of his 
countenance; — his diet; — his house; — his family; — his mind; — his heart; the 
half savage heathen vagrant, in short, converted into a decent thriving 
Christian settler. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 95 

'^ It may be long indeed before any such complete results may be witnessed ; 
just as it is long before the tree grows from the seed : and as the husbandman 
waits patiently for his harvest, so should Christians wait for theirs ; which 
indeed no efforts of ours can secure, unless the Lord of the harvest is pleased 
to grant the increase. And therefore, assuredly, we must pray for it earnestly 
to Him and wait for it patiently with faith in His grace and power. But 
faith implies exertion, otherwise it is mere self-delusion; and prayer without 
corresponding effort, what is it but hypocrisy ? 

" Let then a united effort be made to provide for the Clergy of Trinidad fit 
helpers in sowing the seed of life in the hearts of the heathen who abound in 
their different parishes, in the full persuasion that the work, if humbly and 
honestly undertaken in Christ's name, without any confidence in our own efforts 
through pride, or any sparing of them through indolence, will not be undertaken 
in vain. Many will hear, though some may forbear : and though the growth 
may be slow, yet will there be fruit at last, to be a blessing not to the heathen 
only, or to the instructors in the faith, but to those also who by their prayers 
and their offerings shall have promoted the gracions work. 

« T. BARBADOS, 
« Bishop's Court, Barbados, May, 1862." 



96 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL TTEW OF 



Returx of Indian and Chinese Immigrants located in the under- 
mentioned Countif:s : — 





INDENTURED IMMIGRANTS. 




1863. 1 


1 1864. 


COUNTY. 


INDIAN. 


CHI- 
NESE. 


1 


INDIAN.! N^SE. 

i 






1 


o 

S 

1 


rt 
^ 




g 
^ 


g 
g 


3 

o 
H 


St. George 

Caroni 

Victoria 

St. Patrick 


1976 

1650 

3378 

599 


620 

539 

1134 

186 


24 

53 

140 

22 


2620 
2232 

4652 
807 


1896 
1781 
13202 
1 560 


595] 24 

5381 42 

1035; 93 

1741 20 


2515 

2361 

4330 

760 


Totals ■ 


7593 


2479 


239 


10311 


;7445'2342! 179 i 9966 









UNINDENTURED IMMIGRANTS. 
















1863. 


1864. 




INDIAN. 




CHINESE. 


INDIAN. 


CHINESE 


>-* 














o 




rt 








tf 








c 








1 
i ^ 


C5 




o 


g 


5 
g 
o 


s. 


m 


li 


S 


i 




1 


ri 

o 






¥ 


3 


tf 


1 


^ 

>. 


3 




^ 


^ 


pq 


o 


^ 


^1^ 


1 


o 
4 


344 


179 


o 
333 


o 


^ 


^ 


^ 




^ 


S. Geo. 


299 


142 


3-7 


315 


1133 




3 


2741130 




2 


2 


4 


Cai'oni 


340 


114 222 


207 


889 


, , 








358 


139 


231 


14o 873 


3 




1 


4 


Victoria 


601 


224; 400 


356 


1581 




4 




4 


669 


202 


377 


3141562 




4 




4 


S. Patk. 


239 
1485 


81 92 
561 ;1091 


976 


510 
4113 




2 
9 


1 


2 

10 


206 


83 


111 


112 


512 
4077 


3 


2 
8 


3 


2 


Totals... 


1577 


603 


1052 


845 


14 



Bitrths and Deaths of Indian and Chinese Immio-rants 1863 and 1864:- 





INDIAN. 


CHINESE. 


County. 


Births. 


Deaths. 


Absentees 


Births. 


Deaths. 


Absentees 




1863 


1864 


1863 


1864 


4863 


1864 


1863 


1864 


1863 


1864 


1863 


1864 


St. George 

Caroni 


15 
22 
64 
20 


44 
16 
40 
21 


62 

74 
97 
25 


A] 

97 
49 


103 

120 

198 

32 


118 

190 

254 

37 


1 


... 


***3 
8 
3 


... 


1 
18 
28 

1 


13 
31 


Victoria 


57 


St. Partrick 


15 




157 


121 


258 


334 


453 


599 


1 




14 


... 


48 


116 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



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9S HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW 05" 

Deaths of Indian and Chinese Immgrants : — 1863. 1864. 



On Estates in the Counties of St. Georg-e, Caroni, 
Victoria, and St. Patrick ... ... 273 334 

In Port -of- Spain Hospital, Deaths by "Alnwick 

Castle" and "Spitfire" ... ... 7 

Births of Indian and Chinese Immigrants on Estates 158 121 

Revenue Collected .,. £16,137 12 £20,201 7 7| 

Arrivals r — Indian Immigrants Arrived ... ... 1,798 951 

Chinese do. do. 

Absentees; — Indian Immmigrants Absconded 
Chinese do. do. 

Redemption : — Indian Immigrants who purchased their 
time of Industrial Residence 
Chinese do. do. 

Changing Proprietors :•— Indian Immigrants changed 

Estates a:::! Proprietors ... 17 14 

Chinese do. t. . ... 

Commitments to Gaol : — For Breach of Contract . . 453 402 

For other Offences ... 233 291 

Indian Immigrants returned 
to Calcutta 

HENRY MITCHELL, 

Agent General of Immigrants. 



453 


599 


49 


11& 


224 


113 


2 


3 



the island of trinidad. 
Immigration Accoui^t — 1865. 



m 



Revenue, 

Balance in favour of Planters on the 1st January, 1865 
Export Duty 

Fees on Indentures (Chinese) 
Idem (Indians) 

Fees on Old Indentures ... 
AdA^ances, Arrears and Redemption 
Beturn Passages of Coolies paid by themselves 
Amount charged in excess for remuneration of Protec- 
tor at Madras for the season 1860-1 



Expenditure. 



Establishment 



Idem Indians 

Bounties to Surgeons, Officers, &c. 

Expenses in China for Collection, Maintenance, Preliminary 
Expenses, &c., of Emigrants ... £3,496 2 G 

Less Advances to Chinese (Paria & Mon- 
trose) payable by Planters ... 1,655 16 8 



Expenses in India for Collection, ]-,Tain+enance, and Salary 
and Travelling Expenses of Emigration Agent 

Proportion of 3-Sths. Balance in Mr. Sampson's hands at 
close of Sjason 1864-G5, and available for Expenditure 
on account of Season 1865-66 ..- ... 

Dr. Rutter's Funeral Expenses 

Miscellaneous Expenses ... 



£ 


s. 


d. 


5,751 


2 


n. 


13,593 





7 


1,119 








3,440 








11,388 








390 


6 






911 1 
34 15 



£36,627 4 



£ 

1,880 

8,540 

20,382 

2,369 



d. 


^ 

6 



6,840 5 4 



11,694 16 1 



680 10 4 
11 11 

3,090 1 ^ 



Less difference between £6,562 3 2 charged ad interim, and 
£5,114 10 5 actually charged on the settlements of 
accounts to this Colony on account of Immigration from 
China for the season 1864-65 



Summary. 



Total Expenditure 1865 



Two Thii'ds borne by Planters ... £36,028 2 5 

Add advances to Chinese pay able by Planters 1,655 16 8 

Total Receipts 1865 (£30,876 2 7. Balance £5,751 2 l^)... 

Balance against Planters on 31st December, 1865 



1,447 


12 


9 


£54,042 


3 


3 


£54,042 


3 


n 



37,683 19 1 
36,627 4 8 
£1,056 14 4| 



100 historical and statistical view of 

National Character, Manners, and Customs of the Chinese and 

Coolies. 

The Chinese in their persons, are middle sized, their faces broad, their eyes 
black and small, their nose blunt and turned upwards ; they have high cheek 
bones, and large lips, they have peculiar ideas of beauty; they pluck up the 
hairs from the lower part of the face by the roots with tweezers, leaving a 
few straggling ones to serve for a beard. Their Tartar Princes compel them 
to cut off the hair of the head, and, like Mahommedans to wear only a lock on 
the crown — those however, introduced into the Colony, have thick hair 
covering one half of the crown of the head, leaving a long tail, sometimes left 
to fall downwards, or plaited round the head. The complexion of those from 
the north is fair, but those from the south are swarthy — they are fond of dress; 
but made according to the fashion of their country — short and very wide 
trowsers, with a long loose kind of Jacket or Paletot — on becoming Christians 
they enter readily to the manner of dress of the generality of the inhabitants 
— they freely marry Creole women — and are careful in selecting those who 
are handsome. By some censorious speakers and writers, the Chinese have 
been represented as the most dishonest people in the world, employing their 
natural quickness only to improve the art of cheating the nations with which 
they deal — while it is asserted that none but a Chinese can cheat a Chinese. 
Duplicity and deceit, it is said, are notoriously prevalent among them ; the 
cordiality of friendship is very rare ; true benevolence is far from being the 
general feeling, and exterior and mechanical forms are more attended to than 
the actual practice of virtue. They are great gamblers — as labourers, they are 
steady and hard-working*, seldom or ever seen drunk, excellent gardeners, and 
in business are sharp and attentive. The women have little eyes, plump rosy 
lips, black hair, regular features, void however of beauty — their feet are 
unnaturally small, or rather truncated ; they appear as if the fore-part of the 
foot had been accidentally cut oiF, leaving the remainder of the usual size, and 
bandaged like the stump of an amputated limb. Their dress is somewhat like 
that of the men ; the Jacket or wrapper being longer — large glass ear-rings, 
with wooden pins holding up their hair — they learn the English and French 
languages easier than the men — indeed some of them soon acquire the 
English language, and when they do, they speak it correctly. The Chinese 
men and women are extremely quick of sight and apprehension, are naturally 
easy and cheerful, and scarcely ever experience either care or melancholj-. 
They are very hospitable to each other, and likewise to strangers who put 
themselves under their protection even for the shortest period. 

The Hindoos or (as they are likewise called) Gentoos, and more commonly 
" Coolies," are divided into four great tribes. To the first and more noble tribe 
belong the Brahmins, who can alone officiate in the priesthood, like the Levites 
among the Jews — they are not, however, excluded from Government, trade, or 
agricultural pursuits, though they arc strictly prohibited from all menial offices 
by their laws. The second in order is the Sittri tribe, Avho according to their 



trUE ISLAND OF TEINIDAD. 101 

original institution, ought to be all military men ; but tbey frequently follow 
other professions. The third is the tribe of Brise, who are chiefly . merchants, 
bankers, and shopkeepers. The fourth tribe is that of Sudra, who are menial 
servants — and they are incapable of raising themselves to a superior rank. 
Besides this grand classification, the Gentoos are subdivided into castes and 
small tribes ; and it has been computed that there are 84 of these castes. Their 
marriages are circumscribed by the same barriers as the rest of their inter- 
course ; hence besides the national physiognomy, the members of each caste 
preserve an air of still greater resemblance to one another. There are some 
castes remarkable for their beauty, and others for their ugliness. Their diet is 
principally rice and vegetables dressed with ginger, tumeric, and other hot 
spices. But the majority of castes are less scrupulous, and eat, altho' very 
sparingly, both of fish and flesh ; yet like the Jews, not of all kinds indifferently. 
They deem milk the purest of food, because they think it partakes of some 
of the properties of the nectar of their gods, and because they esteem the cow 
itself almost like a divinity. Coolies generally are tractable and genteel in 
their manners, but violent is their expressions, when their passions are aroused, 
particularly by jealousy of their wives — they have little care for life or limb. 
They consider the wives as their property and, therefore, murder them with little 
care of the consequences. As a general rule they have few good qualities, and 
are faithless, unprincipled, immoral, lazy, and fond of wandering. They have 
no regard for an oath, and lie beyond measure. They are fond of rude music, 
both of wind and stringed instruments — and play at cards, but do not gamble 
to any extent. Brahma is the supposed piophet and legislator of the Hindoos 
— it is pretended that he was an angel, and permitted to assume the human 
form, commissioned to act as the sovereign of India and ordered to impart the 
divine will to a pagan nation. Their spiritual institutions are the most 
remarkable instances of the degradation of the human mind — and cannot be 
termed otherwise than gross idolatry, ceremonial absurdity, and shocking 
cruelty. Some of the Coolies, men and women, are good-looking, and well formed, 
but the generality of both sexes are slim and of little strength ; they are filthy in 
their habits, and have little care in regard to clothing. The men have merely 
a piece of white cloth passed round their loins and between their legs. Some 
wear a turband formed of white cotton twisted round the head. The women 
wear a short petticoat and a small bodice — over which, frequently they have a 
scarf of yellow or red muslin or tarlatan, from either the right or left shoulder, 
falling loosely down the side]; they wear nothing on their head — both sexes 
have fine beautiful long black and glossy hair, upon which, as well as their 
bodies, they use a good quantity of Coconut-oil. The men do not intermarry 
with the Creoles — confining marriage between their own class; the girls are 
married at a very early age. The wives, altho' they have a regard for their 
families, and make fond mothers, are yet not very strict in their fidelity 
towards the husband. After work, the men sit for hours in circles listening 
to some story ; in regard to amusements, they are chiefly gratified with their 



102 



HISTORICAL AXD STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



religious slio'^s and festivals. The complexion of the Coolies is that of the 
Indian or A\Tiaraoou of South America, except those that come from Madras 
and who are very dark. The bulk of these people are remarkable for observa- 
tion ; their desire of gain by foul or fair means, is as strong"as their love of 
independence ; they have imbibed strong passions of envy and meanness, and 
are very insincerere. jNIurder, Cutting and Wounding, Burglary, Highway 
E-obbery, Perjury, Larceny and Forgery are the principal offences of which 
several have been convicted by the Supreme Criminal Court of the Island. 

Language : — The Sanscrit is an original and extremely artificial language j 
it is written with fifty-two characters, and abounds in compound words. The 
Hindoostanie, is that principally spoken by the Coolies imported here. 



ESTIMATE -.—Immigration Account, 1866. 



Revenue. 
Balance in favor of Planters on 31st Dec, 1865 
Export Duty on 60,000 Hhd. ® 7/6 W Hhd 
Fees on Indentures 750 at £2 
Idem of 1,000 at £2 
Fees on Old Indentures 



...£22,500 

... 1,500 

... 2,000 

... 10,972 



247 2 1| 



•2 



£37,219 2 U 



Expenditure. 



Establishment 

Cost of introducin 

Idem 
Bounty to Surgeons 
Expenses in China for 



^ 1,000 Chinese 

1,200 Indians 

, Officers, &c.. 

Collecting-, 



aintenance 



preliminary expenses, &c., (less £1,500) ... 
Idem in India for Do. at £3 per head 
Salary & Travelling Expenses of Agent in India 
Miscellaneous exx3ese3 
Return Vessel 



2,380 
14,000 
14,640 

2,500 

7,800 
3.600 
2,000 
1,200 
4,000 

£52,120 



Summary. 
Total Estimated Expenditure, 1 866 
Two-thirds payable by Planters 
Add. Advances to Chinese 
payable by Planters 



52,120 O 



£34,746 
1,500.0 



Total Receipts 1866, £36,972— 
Balance £247 2 1| ... 

Probable Balance in favor of Planters 



37,219 2 1| 
£ 973 2 U 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



lOS 



The Late Militia. 

In former years Trinidad could pride herself on the best militia force to be 
found anywhere. It consisted of a troop of light dragoons, a troop of 
hussars, a brigade of artillery, three regiments of foot and three corps of 
mounted chasseurs, eight district companies and two battalions ; the whole 
kept up with strict miKtaiy discipline. It was disbanded by Sir George F. 
Hill in 1839. The total force by a return made up in the Blu Book of 1837 
was as under : 

Staff Officers .. ... ... 28 

Cayalry Officers ,.. ... ... 23 

Infantry Officers ... ... ... 147 

Non-Commissioned Officers and Privates of Cavahy .. • 134 

Non-Commissioned Officers and Privates of Infantry... 3,031 



Total .. 3,363 

The fees payable by the officers for their respective commissions were as under 



Dols. 

Brigadier-General ... ... 72 

Colonel and Lieutenant-Colonel 60 

Major 42 

Captain 32 

Lieutenant ... ... ... 22 

Physician-General .. ... 60 



Ensign ... 

Paymaster, Quartermaster, Ad- 
jutant, and Surgeon... each 

Aujutant-General, Quartermas- 
ter-General, & Surgeon-Gen., 
Judge Advocate-General . . ea. 



Dols. 
, 14 



32 



48 



The fines for non -attendance on parade were : A field-officer, 8 dollars ; cap- 
tain, 6 dollars ; subaltern officer, 5 dollars ; non-commissioned officers, 3 dollars ; 
privates, 2 dollars ; and for absence on two successive days of parade to pay a 
fine double in amount of the above ; and in case the fine was not immediately 
paid, the offender was committed under warrant of the Provost-Marshal to the 
Royal Gaol to undergo seven days' imprisonment. 

Officers now existing of the late Militia Forces, with dates of their commission : 
Lt.-Col. }Y. G._Knox, 24 Dec. 1836. Lieut. J. Stone, 29 May 1835. 

Major 



Captn. 



Lieut. 



L. A. Rochard 


,24 „ 


1825. 


J5 


J. S. Agostini 


29 „ 


1835. 


J. Cockerton, 


23 „ 


1833. 




R. Blanchard, 


18 Feb. 


1836. 


E. Murray, 


23 „ 


1833. 


JJ 


H. J. Mills, 


8 Dec. 


1836. 


T. F. Johnston 


17 Oct. 


1836. 


Ensign J. B. Rafi'aelli, 30 Au^. 


1828. 


M. P. Lubault, 


12 Jan. 


1830. 


)} 


F. Warner, 


30 Sep. 


1833. 


CM. Vessiny, 


26 May 


1833. 


>> 


V. Gomez, 


20 Nov. 


1833. 


D. Hart, 


31 „ 


1833. 


,» 


J. O'Brien, 


13 Jany. 


1834. 


J. T. Bowen, 


7 Sep. 


1833. 


5, 


L. de Gannes, 


24 July 


1834. 


P. Gomez, 


20 Nov. 


1833. 


J, 


C. Le Cadre, 


20 Oct. 


1834. 


S. Cipriani, 


24 Apl. 


1821. 


J> 


R. Denniston, 


2 Feb. 


1835. 


H. L. Jobity, 


8 July 


1833. 


JJ 


P. Latour, 


9 Dec. 


1835. 


R. Lake, 


28 „ 


1833. 


J, 


G. Garcia, 


18 Feb. 


1836. 


H. A. Fitt, 


19 Dec. 


1833. 


J, 


R. H. Stewart 


,18 „ 


1836. 


H. T. Bowen, 


19 „ 


1833. 


,} 


F. Trabous, 


24 Dec. 


1836. 


W. H. Goin, 


20 Oct. 


1834. 











104 historical and statistical yiew of 

Public Buildings. 

The Governmerit buildings consist of a Government Hoase, Court House, 
Treasury, Bonding AVarehouse, Police Barracks, Royal Gaol, Leper Asylum, 
Lunatic Asylum, Colonial Hospital, San Fernando Hospital, Bath-House, 
Wasli-House, and Prince's Building. Government House is divided into a 
spacious hall, where the Legislative Council meet, and offices for the Governor, 
Colonial Secretary, Private Secretary, Clerks, Auditor- General, Attorney- 
General, Keeper of Maps and Surveys, Official Assignee, Secretary to Central 
Road Board, Depository for stationery, and printing-office. The Court House 
is divided into two court-rooms, one for the Supreme Courts, the other a Nisi 
Prius and Complaint Court, besides offices for the three Judges, Registrar of 
the Courts, Registrar -General, Clerk of the Complaint Court, Solicitor-General, 
Marshal, and Depository for proceedings. The Treasury is divided into offices 
for the Receiver-General, his assistant and clerks. Commissioner of Assessed 
Taxes, Supervisors, and Agent General of Immigrants. The building is of old 
standing, being formerly the residence of the late Patrick O'Brien, after whose 
deatJi it was purchased by Robert Neilson, and sold by him to the Colonial 
Government for its present purposes, for the sum of £6,000 sterling. The 
Government buildings were commenced by Governor Sir H. MacLeod, who 
laid the foundation-stone on the 15tli February, 1844. They were opened with 
much ceremony by Lord Harris on the 2nd November, 1848. Although in an 
unfinished state, they do little credit to either the architect, engineer, or 
builders, as they have the appearance of a penitentiary or a factory. 
The Colonial Hospital is a buildmg which at one view displays the taste, skill, 
and ability of the engineer, L. W. Samu.el, a native of the island ; its length 
is 390 feet by 64 feet in width, with open galleries of 10 feet wide on both 
sides of the first floor. It is capable of containing 200 patients. It cost 
£31,830 sterling. It was commenced by Governor Sir C. Elliot in 1855, and 
opened by Governor Keate on 1st September, 1858. The San Fernando Hospital 
was also erected by Governor Elliot, and under the direction of L. W. Samuel; 
its length is 224 feet, and its widthf^56 feet, with open galleries on either 
side 12 feet wide. It is capable of containing ^100 patients. It was opened 
on 1st August, 1859, cost £11,093. The Lunatic Asylum was also commenced 
by Governor Elliot, and, as far as locality and circumstances will_^ admit of, is 
a suitable building. It is situated in the^ suburbs of the town,°'^in the locality 
known as " Belmont." It was opened on 27th September, 1858, when forty 
Lunatics were admitted. It is now capable of containing "[eighty persons, cost 
£10,332. The Leper Asylum is situated at Cocorite, distant 2} miles from 
Port-of-Spain. It was formerly the Ordnance Stores, and was purchased from 
the Home Government by Governor Sir II. MacLeod for[,its present purpose. 
It was opened on 12th May, 1845. The first Medical Superintendent was J. 
L. O'Connor, M.D., R. A. The Prince's Building was commenced during the 
tenure of office of Lieutenant-Governor J. Walker, and at the time his Royal 



THE ISLAND OF TEINIDAD. 105 

Highness Prince Alfred was expected to visit the island in 1861. Tt is built 
in the shape of a cross, with a very spacious ball-room, supper-room, lounging- 
roora, bar-room, and retiring-rooms. It is, however, built without any direct 
plan of architecture. It is used for public entertainments. It cost £12,000 
sterling, although the inner part yet remains unfinisbed. There is a Public 
Library, established in 1851, towards which there is a Government grant of 
£300 sterling, besides the revenue derived from the subscribers. Ihere are 
7,000 volumes of books of the best selection. It is governed by a committee 
elected from among the subscribers. The places of worship in Port-of-Spain 
are Trinity Church and All Saints Chapel. The interior of the former is built 
somewhat in the style of Westminster Abby. It was erected by Governor 
Woodford, who laid the foundation-stone 30th May, 1816; and on Trinity 
Sunday, 15th May, 1823, it was consecrated. All Saints Chapel was erected 
by Governor MacLeod, the foundation-stone of which was laid by Lady Mac- 
Leod on 4th November, 1844. Next come the Roman Catholic Cathedral and 
four Chapels. The Cathedral is very handsome and well built, the architecture 
reflecting great credit on the architect, the late P. Reinagle, who was also the 
architect of Trinity Church. The foundation-stone of the Cathedral was laid 
by Governor Woodford on 26th March, 1816; it was consecrated by the 
Hight Reverend Bishop Daniel McDonnell on 15th April, 1832. There are 
also a Wesleyan, a Presbyterian, a Baptist, and a Portuguese Chapel, all of 
which are well and neatly built. 

The Military Barracks at St. James' are buildings which do credit to Trini- 
dad, are spacious, and with every requisite accommodation. They were 
commenced 21st Jannary, 1824, and completed 11th June, 1827. They cost 
£80,000 sterling and are distant 1| mile west from Port-of-Spain. 



HOW THE SLAVES IN TRINIDAD WERE TREATED. 

The following Ordinance of Governor Lieut.-Colonel Thomas Picton, pro- 
claimed, 30th June, 1800, speaks for itself, and will tend to disprove the many 
absurd reports that have from time to time been circulated: — 

" Whereas, in a West India Colony settled by different nations, varying in 
customs and opinions, it is important to excite the inhabitants of every class 
to mitigate the situation of their slaves, by rendering their servitude as limited 
and easy as possible, and by promoting their natural increase, so as that in 
course of time the importation of slaves from Africa may be considerably di- 
minished, if not totally dispensed with : And whereas, those desirable ends 
cannot be more effectually attained, than by compelling the owners of slaves 
to lodge, clothe, and maintain them sufficiently, as well in health, while able 
to work, as in time of sickness, age, and infirmity; by prescribing reasonable 
bounds to the power of masters and others, having the charge of slaves, and 
by instructing them in the principles of Christianity, to inspire them with 
some degree of morality. 



106 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

" We have therefore resolved to issue the present Ordinance, by virtue of 
the authority with which His Majesty has invested us, in order that the regu- 
lations it contains may be publicly and generally known, and have their due 
execution from the date of their publication ; — charging all persons under our 
government to pay due obedience thereto, on pain, in cases of negligence or 
contumacy, of incurring the penalties hereinafter specified. 

" Art. I. Every proprietor or possessor of a plantation shall provide the 
slaves attached thereto, with good and comfortable houses, well wattled and 
thatched, so as to be perfectly wind and water tight. The head or chief of 
every family shall have a hovise for himself, separated into two or more apart- 
ments, according to the number of that family, and there shall be cabanes or bed- 
places in those apartments, raised at least eighteen inches, to preserve them 
from the dangerous effects of sleeping on the moist ground. Young Negroes 
of fourteen and upwards, who have no family, shall be lodged at the rate of 
three to a house, and they are to have their cabanes raised eighteen inches 
from the ground as aforesaid. The slaves shall be allowed to inclose their 
houses with a fence or hedge, to form a little yard for their stock, and defend 
them from the incursions of the cattle in the pasture, &c. 

" Art. II. The proprietor or attorney of every plantation shall have one 
quarre, or three acres, 11-21 of a fanegue of land, for every ten working 
negroes, planted and cultivated in provisions, for the maintenance of his gang; 
and he shall also, on the Monday or Saturday of every week, distribute to 
every negro, of fourteen years and upwards under his care, three pounds of 
salt meat, or four pounds of salt-fish (being the weekly allowance), and to all 
slaves under age, and children, a weekly allowance of salt meat or fish in that 
proportion. 

" Exclusive of the allowance of salt meat or fish (in which there can be no 
exemption), every working negro of fourteen years and upwards, shall have a 
portion of land allotted him, adequate to produce, by cultivating it, a sufficiency 
of ground provisions for himself and his family ; and to furnish him more 
effectively the means of doing so, he shall be allowed the Saturday, from noon, 
to work in his grounds, from the first day of July to the first day of January, 
if he belongs to a sugar plantation ; and from the first day of January until 
the first day of July, if he belongs to a coffee, cocoa, or magnioc plantation ; 
he will also have his Sundays, and the four great annual holidays of Christ- 
mas Day, New Year's Day, Good Friday, and Corpus Christi. 

" The portion of land allotted the slave for his garden, cannot be taken from 
him, or exchanged, without his consent ; if the owner or attorney thinks pro- 
per to change the situation of the negro grounds, he must give the slaves a 
year's warning, unless he prefers obtaining their consent by paying them their 
improvements, and assigning them grounds for gardens, to their satisfaction, 
elsewhere : And it is a duty most incumbent on managers and overseers, to 
take care that the negroes have their grounds in good cultivation, and that 



THE ISLAND OF TKINIDAD. 10-7 

they do not lavish or misemploy the surplus time allowed them for that 
purpose. 

"Art. III. Owners of plantations, whose locality does not admit of allowing 
negro grounds, nor of having provision grounds, shall furnish weekly to every 
working negro under their care, sixty full-grown plantains, or six quarts 
farine of magnioc, i.e. cassava-meal; and in case they cannot procure plantains 
or cassava-meal, it shall be commuted in money, at three bits a week, in lieu 
of the vegetable allowance, independent of the allowance of salt meat or fish, 
of which, on no pretext, there can be any exemption. 

" Art. IV. To every negro two shifts of clothing, complete, shall be fur- 
nished yearly, one in May, the other in December; and in case of refusal, 
there shall be inflicted on the owner a penalty of twelve dollars for every 
negro who is not clothed at the time appointed. 

" Art. V. Owners or attornies shall not punish slaves by more than thirty- 
nine lashes ; * and managers or overseers shall not punish by more than 
twelve lashes, for any one offence ; the slave who has received thirty-nine 
lashes, shall not be flogged again on the same day, nor until he be recovered 
from the effects of that punishment ; and an infractor of this article will be 
fined fifty dollars. Should the crime of the slave, however, be of a nature to 
deserve a severer chastisement, he shall be conducted before the Commandant 
of the District, who will order such corporal punishment as the case deser- 
ves: it being well 11,11 derstood that it cannot extend to death or mutilation, 
nor shall it be permitted the owner to inflict any farther punishment for the 
same crime, under penalty of fifty dollars. 

" Art. VI. Whoever shall be convicted of having inhumanly struck a slave 
with an edged weapon, such as a cutlass, axe, sword, or with a bludgeon or 
loaded beau-stick, will be prosecuted and punished according to law ; and if 
the crime shall be committed by his master or owner, he (the slave) shall be 
immediately removed from his (the master's) authority, and deposited with the 
Commandant of the District, or Alcalde de Barrio, to be sold to some person of 
known humanity ; and the sum arising from the sale, shall be applied, in 
whole or in part to the relief of the wounded slave, or in such other charitable 
purposes as may be deemed proper ; and the sale of such slave, it is hereby 
declared, shall be valid, nor shall the purchaser be distui'bed in the possession 
thereof. 

" Art. VII. The field slave shall have half an hour in the morning for break- 
fast and two hours at noon for dinner. Nurses having children at the breast, shall 
be permitted to leave the field at noon and night, half an hour before the 
others, and are exempted of throwing grass. Field slaves are not to go to the 
field before five o'clock in the morning, nor to work there after six in the 
evening, except in bringing grass at noon and night for the sick : but it is not 



* This, by an Order of the 7th February, 1815, was commuted to twenty-five 
Blripes, being the number fixed by the Eoyal Cedula of 31st May, 1789. 



108 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

meant that this regulation should interfere with the night work on sugar 
estates in crop time, which cannot possibly be dispensed with. 

" Art. VIII. Negroes superannuated, infirm, or invalided by sickness or 
accident, shall not be abandoned by their owner ; on the contrary, he shall 
lodge, feed, and clothe them as usual, and if any person should be so inhuman 
as to treat them ill, he shall be punished. 

" Art. IX. It has been for many years a custom with some of the inhabitants 
to give their Negroes Saturday in place of allowance, and with gangs of 
laborious active Creole slaves, it was found to answer the purpose ; but in gangs 
composed of new Africans, those who adopt it had reason to repent of the 
experiment : a new Negro being naturally so lazy and inactive, that he would 
rather suffer hunger and enjoy his repose, than procure himself his subsistence 
by industry. The increasing opulence of the inhabitants having Kterally 
enabled them to augment their force by considerable purchases of this 
description of Negro, the custom of giving the Saturday becomes highly 
imprudent, and would occasion great losses in the colony : Wherefore it is 
hereby abolished and prohibited, under penalty of fifty dollars for every 
delinquent. 

"Art. X. Owners or managers of plantations shall not oblige their slaves 
to work on Sundays, or the holidays hereinbefore specified : but this regulation 
shall not extend to watchmen or pasture-boys (who will continue as heretofore 
to do that duty in turn), nor to family domestics, the intention being simply 
to assure the field Negro the free enjoyment of his holidays, to work in his 
grounds. 

Art. XI. Any Negro who shall assume the reputation of being a spell- doctor 
or obea-man, and shall be found with an amulet, a fetiche, or the customary 
attributes and ingredients of the profession, shall be carried before the 
Commandant of the District, who will take cognizance of the accusation ; and, 
provided the crime be not capital, inflict a proper punishment : but should it 
appear probable that the culprit has been the cause of the death of any person 
by his prescriptions (as very frequently happens), the Commandant will then 
transmit him to the common goal, as a criminal, to be prosecuted and dealt 
with according to law. 

Art. XII. It is a duty incumbent on Christians, not only to feed and 
clothe those who are dependent on them, but also to instruct them in their 
duty towards their Maker. Planters who have attended to this precept, have 
found the benefit of it in the improvement of their slaves' dispositions. It 
should be therefore the essential duty of the master, to teach his slaves the first 
elements of the Christian religion, to prepare them for baptism ; and we 
expressly recommend to the parish curates the observance of this part of their 
office, reminding them that it is a principal object of their mission to teach 
the Gospel to the poor. 

" Art. XIII. There shall be on every plantation a hospital, proportioned 
to the number of its slaves, and one or more female attendants attached thereto. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 10& 

The Negro who from sickness is incapable of doing his duty, shall there be 
lodged and attended until he is perfectly recovered : and here it is proper to 
observe that careful nursing is generally found the most efficacious remedy in 
Negro disorders. The owner or manager will keep an hospital diary, on 
which he will note the date of the admission and discharge, or decease of the 
slave ; and on giving in the annual enumeration of the estate, he will make 
also an obituary report. 

" Art. XIV. It is a prevalent opinion that owners of plantations, by humane 
and moderate treatment, might preserve the offspring of their slaves, and 
thereby considerably increase their population. To encourage so beneficial a 
measure, we have ordained, that every mother of a family having more than 
three children on her master's plantation, shall be allowed one day in the 
week extraordinary, from the fiist July to the first January, if attached to a 
sugar or cotton estate, and from first January to first July, if to a coffee, cocoa, 
or manioc estate, and at the end of every year she shall receive from her 
master a dollar a head, for her future encouragement in the care of her 
children. 

" A mother of a family having seven children living on her master's estate, 
shall be exempted from all labour, and she shall be furnished her allowance 
and maintenance in common with the other slaves, and receive the reward, 
already specified, of a dollar a head per annum for her children. 

" The same motive obliges us to prohibit women being put to work before 
they are perfectly recovered from child -bed, nor shall the infant be carried to 
the field, but remain under the care of a prudent woman, to be appointed 
guardian of the children, who will take charge of them in her own house, or a 
house appropriated to the pm^pose, until the mothers return from their work, 
or in their absence. 

" Art. XV. Penalties incurred by infractions of these regulations, to be 
recovered by warrants, signed and sealed by the Commandant of the District 
in which they have been incurred, which warrants are hereby approved : and 
all fines recovered in virtue thereof shall be paid into the hands of the Treasurer 
of the illustrious Cabildo, to be applied to defraying the charges of justice 
and of public works ; for such is our will and pleasure, i 

" Art. XVI. The present Ordinance shall be printed, published, and pro- 
claimed in all places within our Government : and shall be in full force and 
execution from the date of the publication until further orders." 



110 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

ORDERS OF GOVERNMENT IN 1801 AND 1814. 

Port of Spain, 18 December, 1801. 
Government House. 

It having frequently happened of late that spoilt fish and other nuisances of 
the kind have been thrown about the town and neighbourhood — Notice is 
given that any person so offending in future will be fined $200, of which $50 
shall be paid to the informer. 

By order of the Governor, 

RICHARD COLLINS, 

Secretary. 
Town Hall, 14 February, 1814. 

Every inhabitant, proprietor, or resident of Port of Spain, shall be obliged 
to clean the street before his lot, and remove ali dirt, loose stones, rubbish, «&c., 
under a penalty of $2, and for each subsequent oflPence the penalty doubled. 

By order, 

HENRY MURRAY, 
Deputy Secretary. 

The Government of 1816. 
Governor. — Sir Ralph James Woodford, Bart. 
Colonial Secretary. — Philip Reinagle. 
Acting.— George Martin. 
The Council. 
J. T. Bigg, Chief Justice. Le Compte de Loppinot. 

L. Nihell. W. H. Burnly. 

Clerk of Council. — James Chapman. 
Deputy. — Henry Murray. 

Public Officers. 
Hy. Fuller, Attorney General. Josh. Pesehier, Escheator. 

J. P. Collins, Treasurer. G. Adderley, Marshal. 

J. Chapman, Registrar. S. Newman, Deputy. 

H. Murray, Deputy Do, E. R. Gahvay, Post Mistress* 



PETITION TO THE KING. 

As soon as the cession of the island was known, some English inhabitants, 

by an advertisement in the Colonial newspaper, called a public meeting of 

their countrymen to take into consideration and sign the following address,, 

which was forwarded to Governor Picton for transmission to His Majesty : — 

" Most Gracious Sovereign, 

" We the principal freeholders, merchants and other British inhabitants of 
the island of Trinidad, approach your Majesty's Throne with the most dutiful 
and affectionate loyalty, and beg leave to present our unfeigned and earnest 



jaE Island of trinidad. ill 

congratulations on tlie liappy change which has taken place in the political 
affairs of Europe ; among those nations, none have been so distinguished as 
your Majesty's Imperial Kingdom, for the perseverance and success which 
have dignified your Majesty's Councils, and have impressed the world with an 
appropriate opinion of their wisdom and penetration. 

" That so long and expensive a "War should he closed hy such a signal series 
of unparalleled success both by sea and land, and end in a peace, so honor- 
able in its terms, and so valuable by its additions to your Majesty's dominions, 
is a consideration which must excite the proudest exultation in every British 
bosom; but more particularly affects the habits of your Majesty's most loyal 
subjects in this Island, who feel with inexpressible gratitude, the immense 
obligation which your Majesty has been pleased to confer on them, by your" 
gracious solicitude to confirm this valuable conquest, and add it to othei" 
Colonies so happily placed under your Majesty's paternal care and protection. 

" In thus venturing to address your Majesty, we are emboldened by that 
gracious condescension and regard, which it has been your Majesty's pleasure 
to extend on every occasion to your dutiful and loyal subjects ; and we humbly 
beg leave to represent, that, next to our anxious prayers which will be con- 
tinually offered up to heaven for the long life and perfect health of the best of 
Kings, and for the continued blessings of peace, we earnestly hope your 
Majesty will be graciously pleased, as speedily as in your Majesty's wisdom 
may seem expedient, to complete the happiness which we already begin to 
feel under the cession of this Island to our mother country, by extending to 
your faithful and affectionate subjects in this Colony, the privileges and pro- 
tection of the British Constitution, as experienced by a free representation in 
the House of Assembly, and in the Trial by Jury, — privileges which we ought 
to inherit in common with our countrymen under your Majesty's mild and 
benevolent government in Great Britain and its numerous Colonies, 

" Wa humbly beg leave to lay at your Majesty's feet our warmest protesta- 
tions of loyalty and attachment to your Majesty's person and family ; while 
we cherish the recollection of the happy events which confirmed the liberties 
of Englishmen, by placing your Majesty's illustrious ancestors on the Throne. 

" That the blessings of Almighty God may continue your Majesty's health 
during a long and glorious life, and prolong the happiness and prosperous 
influence of your Majesty's family over your united Kingdoms to the remotest 
ages, is the devout and fervent prayer of your Majesty's most faithful and 
affectionate subjects. 

" John Sanderson Wm. Hannah Geo. Rome 

Robert Mitchell Martin Finucane Robt. Ewing 

Thomas Law P. T. Winterflood Geo. McBeath 

Alexander Williams Thos. Skerett John Banks 

Towshend Pasea Thos. Warwick Arch. Wetherston 

William Lockhead Wm. Kewley Edmund Devin 

James Adrien R. Flinn Geo. Wardell 

Thos. R. Robinson Thos. G. Tyler Wm. Proctor 



112 



HISTOmCAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OP 



George Dalglish 
M. Smith 
Joseph Rivers 
John Dowine 
Wm. Swinden 
James Ruddach 
Wm. Doyle 
Robert Bond 
Thos. Hingham 
Wm. Ball 
Alex. Dick 
Jno. Shaw 
Wm. Perry 
Jno. Proctor 
Thos. Kenny- 
Alex. Hall 
William Belk 
Thos. Emery 
Jno. Omara 
James Shannon 
Andrew Thompson 
Geo. Bostock 
Jno. Hallinan 
Benjm. Neblitt 
James Fisher 
Chas. Brough 
Jno. Edmondson 
Seth Wales 

" Port-of-Spain, 1802." 



Thos. Wilmot 
Wm. Toliner 
Edward Rivers 
Anthony Moore 
Wm. Dickson 
Wm. Redhead 
Jno. Johnston 
M. Gallagher 
Jno. Hayes 
Wm. Stephens 
Wm. Coxall 
Wm. Hardwood 
Philip Camm 
Chs. A. Gellinau 
Robt. Baker 
Hugh Mounaghan 
Daniel Park 
James Johnston 
Thos. Hingham, Junr. 
James Hogg 
Wm. Neblitt 
Jno. Caw 
Jno. Wethered 
E. Paynter 
D. King 
Jasper Lyon 
David Black 
James Dickson 



Thos. Parkinson 
Wm. Home 
Michael Mitchell 
Peter Murphy 
Vv^m. Morrison 
Mathew Roach 
Roger Harrison 
Edward Galley 
Francis Dames 
A. P. Tracey 
James Bruce 
Anthony Wharton 
Wm. Coulson 
Thos. Hargrave 
Jno. Calvert 
James Bourke 
Chas. Burdett 
Jno. Macauley 
Geo. A. Nicholson 
J. Buckley 
Clun Johnston 
James Handley 
William Eccles 
William Gray 
Chas. Audain 
Thos. Booker 
John Ellis 
Wm. Caton. 



PETITION FOR BRITISH LAWS. 



" To the King's Most Excellent Majesty in Council, the petition of 
the undersigned proprietors of lands, planters, and Merchants, 
resident in the Island of Trinidad. 
" Humbly Sheweth, 
" That, on the taking of the said island by your Majesty's forces, one class 
of your petitioners were induced to purchase and improve large tracts of land, 
and the other to invest their capital in trade, which they have till lately, 
carried on upon a most extensive scale, under the most decided conviction that 
British Laws must and would be the natural consequence of the success of the 
British arms. 

" With what success British policy has been had recourse to in your 
Majesty's other West India plantations, the sums they have added to your 
Majesty's revenue and the solid wealth they have remitted to the mother 
country, will best manifest. 

*' That an island so notorious for its fertility, and all other of your Majesty's 
West India Colonies, so happily situated for the purposes of trade, should not 
have answered the well founded expectations of your petitioners ; that com- 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 11^ 

merce should have daily decreased, till it has arrived at a state of unprece- 
deated stagnation ; that cultivation should have languished for want of credit 
and confidence, nearly to the utter ruin of all concerned in it : they can 
attribute to no other cause than the continued existence of the Spanish law, a 
law here entirely misunderstood, which has at all times cramped and arrested 
the industrious arm of the planter, and destroyed even the vestiges of faith 
between man and man. 

"Your petitioners disclaim having ever given the slightest approbation 
towards the establishment of a Legislative Council in this Island, proposed 
for your Majesty's Royal consideration; they equally abhor the idea of the 
existence of any power to which might be delegated the authority of framing 
laws for the purpose of affording partial protection, or which would have the 
effect of shielding the fraudulent debtor from the just claims of the fair 
creditor. 

" It is well known that your Majesty's subjects in the West Indies cannot 
be exceeded on the account of loyalty by the inhabitants of any other part of 
your Majesty's dominions, and we your Majesty's subjects of Trinidad, feel 
ourselves inferior to none on that score. 

" That the number of respectable Spaniards in the Island, compared ■with 
the number of British-born subjects, possessing property, is so small, and 
those few so well disposed towards the English government, that there cannot 
exist a doubt that they would prefer the English law, with all its excellencies, 
(notwithstanding national prejudices) to the Spanish Code, administered as it 
is here. 

" The continued increase of the English population, and the influx that the 
event of English laws vi ould occasion of Englishmen of capital, and of talents, 
can give rise to no other hope but that such laws would be forcibly and faith- 
fully administered. 

" Your petitioners, therefore, most humbly pray your Majesty, of your most 
gracious condescension, to take this their petition into your Royal considera- 
tion, and with the advice of your Council, to confirm them in the rights they 
claim as British subjects, by granting to this island the British laws, in their 
fullest extent, as administered in other British islands. 

" And your petitioners, as in duty bound, will every pray. 
" Wm. McKenzie James Lowe John Sanderson, M.D. 

James Rigby Christ. Hewitson Alex. Williams, M.D. 

John Nugent John O'Meara Chs. Audain 

J. R. Purcell A. McDonald Jno. O'Brien 

Arthur Robertson Andrew Clark J. Townshend Pasea 

John Shaw John Edwards "VVm. Paterson 

Jno. Waters Wm. Harrison & Co Alex. Badenach 

Robt. Prentis Richard Galway B. Bennet 

Wm. Eitgerald James Bruce & Co Jno. Hallinan 

Francis Jos. Mendez G. &. W. Dickson Jno. McDonald 

Math. Leeson Edgar, Lyon & Co Wm. Pinto 

A. C. Cruikshanks J. B. Littlepage Edward GaUie 



114 



HISTOEICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



Kobt. Pendleton 
James Johnston 
Wm. Coxall 
Thos. Wray 
Wm. Perry- 
James Barry 
D. Barry 
Wm. Eccles & Co 
Neilson & Hunter 
Jacob Simmons 
Clark & Macintosli 
Sangster & Martin 
W. Moore 
Wm. Rewley 
Richard Clarkson 
A. Neil 

E-ichard Joseph, Sen. 
Seniphor Gardie 
A. Nivet 

C. Marotte 
T. Drape 

L. Thompson 
Lach McBean 
J. Campbell 
Wm. Howard 
Patrick O'Brien 
Gen. Capett 
J. W. Rambert 

D. McGrath 

F. Lynch, M.D. 
John Pietrie 
Marc Franceschi 
Bernard Pere 
M. Pietrie- 
David King 
William Burton 
Daniel Murray 
Valentine de Basanta 
William Walker 
P. T. Winterflood 
R. King 
R. J. Padmore 
Charles Farril 
John McLean 
David Bart 
J. McDonald 
John Young 
H. Robertson 
R. Pemberton 
J, Banks 
J. Large 
W. Johnston 
Aaron Jesse 
J» Rivers 



Wm. Browne 
Francis Robson 
Joseph Taitt 
Thos. Williams 
Wm. Thornhill 
Jos. Lambot 
Rivus, Campbell & Co 
A. Pinto 
Wm. Redhead 
Daniel AUt 
Jno. Munro 
Thos. Edwards 
William Williams 
John Sewell 
James Taylor 
James Harvey 
M. Smith 
M. Gallagher 
Thomas Balleny 
John Carr 
Manuel Sorzano 
John Dawson 
Antonio Port el 
William Jarvis 
M. Semper 

E. Carney 
William Wool ward 
Hugh LaCoste 
John Wilson 

C. A. Hayes 
William Macomb 
Alex. Cruikshank 
John Davidson 
J. Shennon 
A. Moore 
Antoni Gardie 
William Doyle 
— Massiany 
P. McNamara 
William Talmie 
J. Ventura Judave 
J. T. Mendez 
V. Sanda 
John Lj nch 
H. Boureaux 

F. Bernard & Co 
John Garc'n 
Paul Vessiny, jun, 
V. Houillier 

W. Patrice 
Peter Morrison 
Thomas Stephens 
Jacque Latour 
Pesant Rambert 



J. R. Smith & Co 
A. Ritchie 
Wm. Wardrop 

Geo. Gordon 
R. McDonald 
A. Weatherston 
J. A. Cipriani 
Geo. Doncaster 
Wm. Gray & Co 
T. Arnaud Caduc 
Pierre Angeron 
T. G. Tyler 
A. Wilson 
C. S. Middleton 
J. Taylor 
J, D. Horsham 
C. Johnston 
David Clarke 
F. Clarke 
William Foulke 
Thomas Brown 
James Hall 
J. H. Gemapet 
R. Thorborne 
Pierre Vaudon 
Remir Durity 
Frco. Salazar 

F. France 
James Meany 
J. Piatt 

S. Rule 
J. R. Purcell 
William Alexander 
T. Nugent 
J. Thatcher 
J. Browne 
James Garraway 
Thomas Smith 

G. W. Munro 
Adam Fife, Jur, 
Thomas Emery 
John Montgomerie 
Louis Braise 
Jean Duboy 

Gen. Julien 
AUiston Juvenal 
Alex. J. W. Parker 
William Little 
H. Green way 
James Anderson- 
John Johnston 
Phil. Camm 
Robert Boad 
James Davitt 



tHE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



115 



H. Blair 
John Outen 
B. Newton 
H. Hall 

Robert Mitchell 
Ph. Cournand 
E. Rennson 
P. Turquand 
Bartalome Portel 
John Daravine 
John Molony 
G. Pollustriii 
M. Le Casa Nova 
J. Komney 

" January 12, 1805." 



Gen. Capet, fils 
Augustin Ally 
Jean Duviviere 
Charle Fontin, fils 
Louis Lopez 
Ph. Alcazar 
J. Franceschi 
"William Penny 
Thomas Mayan 
Pablo Giuseppi 
Jno. Bte. Huet 
F. Ligourne 
Juan de Aristimano 



J. Le Bis 
Thomas Palmer 
R. Pemberton, jun, 
Walter Scott 
A. S. Maricheaux 
Louis Lebre 
William Burn 
Shipley & Langly 
Rowland Davis 
Joseph Graham 
W^illiam Benning 
John ri. Jacobs 
John Armour 



PETITION FOR BRITISH LAWS FOR THE RECOVERY 
OF DEBTS. 
To the King's most excellent Majesty in Council, the Petition of 
the Merchants of London, trading to Trinidad. 
Humbly sheweth ; 

That your petitioners are informed, a report has been made to your Majes- 
ty's Ministers by the Governor and Council of Trinidad, recommending the es- 
tablishment of a Legislative Council in that colony, Avith power to frame such 
new laws as they from time to time shall think fit. 

Your petitioners beg leave to state, that in consequence of the conquest of 
Trinidad, they made advances to many inhabitants of that settlement, being 
persuaded that if it was restored at the peace, his Majesty's Ministers would, 
by treaty, secure the British creditors an opportunity of obtaining payment, 
and that if it were ceded, British laws for recovery of debts would be establish- 
ed there, as they had been in the other West India Islands annexed to your 
Majesty's dominions by conquest. 

That by the unqualified adoption of the measures now proposed, the recovery 
of debts would depend upon such laws as might be enacted by this Council, 
composed in a great measure of the very inhabitants to whom these advances 
have been made, and who your petitioners humbly conceive, ought not at the 
same time to be judges and parties. 

Your petitioners therefore humbly pray, that as far as relates to the recoveiy 
of debts, the laws of Great Britain, under which the other colonies have risen 
to their present iieight of prosperity, be established in Trinidad. And your 
petitioners as in duty bound, &c., &c., &c. 



Jos. Marryat 

Bogle, French, Browns & 

Canning 
D. H. & J. A. Ruckers 
P. Simond & J. and J. P. 

Hankey 
Phyn, Ingle & Co 
Chs. Bartrum & Co, 



Baillie, Thornton & Camp- 
bell 
Alex. Henry & Co 
Manning, Anderdon & Co 
Lushington & Mayor 
Francis Baring & Co 
Villigible, Corson & Co 
Thomas Latham 



Geo. & Jno. Gray 
Simpson & Davidson 
Gibbons & Kight 
Lang Turing & Co 
Geo. W. Wye & Co. 
Jno. Sadler 
Geo. Baillie & Co. 



116 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



Arima 


Cedros 


La Brea 


Arouca 


Diego Martin 


Oropouche 


Blanchisseuse 


Mayaro 


St. John 


Chaguanas 


Monos 


St. Joseph 


Couva 


Maraval 





The Police Force of the Island consists of one Inspector, two Sub Inspectors, 
one Clerk, eight Sergeants, sixteen Corporals, and 124 constables. The total 
annual cost of the Force is £14,819 : say, salaries and allowances for house 
rent, £11,319 ; clothing, maintenance of prisoners at police stations, purchase 
of horses, horse feeding, &c., £13,500. The force is inadequate to the wants 
of the island, particularly with the mixed population of which the island is 
made up. There are eighteen police stations besides the head-quarters : — 

St. Cruz 
Savanna Grande 
San Fernando 
Toco. 

In 1850 an Ordinance, No. 24, was passed for carrying out Sanitary regu- 
lations, but such are the disadvantages to^ be contended with under the 
Ordinance, that great difficulty is experienced in enforcing those regulations. 
Considering, however, the many backwards to contend with, the town is kept 
clean as far as the means will permit. 

A geological survey of the island was commenced in 1856, by Mr. Sawkins, 
who was soon after joined by Mr. Wall, who jointly continued their surveys 
until December, 1858, when they made their report, which is voluminous, and 
shows the great resources of the island. Besides a salary of £300, the geologists 
were allowed £1 per diem for personal and travelling expenses. 

There are several hills in the island, some of which are remarkable at a great 
distance ; their names and height are : — 





Feet. 






Feet. 


Tucutche... 


... 3,012 


Diego Martin 


*•• ... 


771 


Blanchisseuse 


... 2,271 


Fort George 


... 


1,084 


Marango (Aripo) ... 


.. 2,740 


St. Ann's... 


... 


1,927 


Guare 


... 1,373 


Tamana ... 


... .. 


1,025 


Matelote ... 


... 1,638 


Mount Harris 


... ••• 


903 


Carata Hill 


532 


Manzanilla 


... ... 


716 


L'Ebranche 


718 


Montserat Hills 


... 731 and 


952 


Three Sisters 


718 


St. Ann's ... 


... •• 


1,927 


Laventille 


... 1,701 


Saut d'Eau Hill 


.... ... 


5,246 



The mountains of Trinidad, though not dimunitive, have not that towering 
loftiness which distinguishes many of the cloud-capt eminences of the Caribean 
colonies, and they likewise differ from them in their geological construction. 
The principal chain runs across the Northern extremity of the island, in the 
direction of East and West, and appears from various circumstances to be a 
prolongation of the mountains which extend along the shores of Cumana, from 
which they were probably separated at an unknown and distant epoch when 
the waters of the Guarapiche and the western branches of the Orinoco opened 
themselves a passage to the sea through the channel of the Dragon's mouth. 
There is also a group of hills in the South, and another in the centre of the 



THE tSLAXD OF TiRINIDAD 



117 



island — one of the peaks of the latter is called the monntam of Tamana. 
Among these hills are inexhaustible forests of timber, of various kinds ; many 
sorts of wood are almost indestructible, and proper for ship-building and 
every other purpose. Tha east mountain of the continent of Venezuela, and 
bounding with the Grand Bocas, is 3.250 feet high. 

The principal Rivers are — Caroni, twenty-eight miles ; Guaraeara, ten miles; 
Couva, nine miles : Cipero, six miles ; Yara, four miles : Madame, four miles 5 
Rio Grande, six miles ; Matura, nine miles ; Oropouche, seventeen miles • 
Ortoire, twenty- six miles : Sangre Grande, fourteen miles : Arouca, twelve 
miles : Arima, twelve miles ; Guanapo, ten miles ; Tornpoona, ten miles. 



DISTANCES FROM PORT OF 


SPAIN. 






Miles. 




Miles. 


To Chaguanas by high road.. 


19 


Port of Spain 


tol'AnsePouchette.. 3^ 


„ Carapachaim'a 


27 


jj >j 


Carenage 


7 


„ Couva 


32i 


35 }5 


Chaguaramas 


... 13 


„ Claxton Bay ... 


36| 


J> J> 


Hart's Cut 


.. 10| 


„ Guaracara Bridge 


40J 


San Fernando to Pitch Lake 


.. 10} 


J, San Fernando ... 


42J 


j> }} 


River Bravo 


.. 2 


„ St. John 


3 4-0 


5> >J 


Guapo Village 


.. 4:r 


J, St. Joseph 


4 4-0 


JJ >5 


Point Fortune 


'iV; 


„ Tacarigua 


9 3-10 


J) }) 


Erin-road 


.. 9f 


„ Ai'ouca 


11 2-0 


» 


Capdiville River 


... 10' 


Port of Spain to Arima ... 


16 


)> » 


Javis Depot 


.. 13| 


„ ... Guanapo ... 


18 


}) 5} 


Granville River 


.. 17 


„ ... Matura ... 


20 


)J >5 


Point Cedros 


.. m 


„ ... Valencia ... 


21 


Port of Spain to Chaguanas 1 


3V 


„ ... Mayaro ... 


42 


water 




:. 10 


„ ... St. Cruz Police 




j> j> 


Couva 


.. IS 


Station 


9 


jj jj 


San Fernando 


.. 28 


„ ... Diego Martin.. 


Si 


!5 )J 


La Brea 


.. 38 


„ ... Cocorite Wharf 


^ 


JJ J} 


Cedi'os 


.. o3 



The steamers " Janet Tennant," and " William Burnley'' being contracted 
for by the Government, one of them runs daily to Chaguanas, Felicite Hall 
Couva, Claxton's Bay, and San Fernando ; and every Saturday and each al- 
ternate Thursday to La Brea and Cedros, returning the same day, except 
Monday, on which day she leaves Port of Spain at 2 p,m., and returns the next 
morning at 10 a.m. The fares and houi's of leaving are as follows : 



From Port of Spain. 
Monday, 2 p.m. 
Tuesday, 3 p.m. 
Wednesday, 11 a.m. 

Thursday, except on Cedros days, 11 a.m. 
Friday, 11 a.m. 
Saturdav, 7 a.m. 



From San Fernando. 

7 am. and 6 p.m. 
3 p.m. 
3 p.m. 
3 pm. 
5 p.m. 



ilS HISTORICAL AND STATIStlCAL VIEW OF 

La Brea and Cedros every Saturday and every alternate Thursday, when 
the steamer leaves Port of Spain at 7 am., and San Fernando at 5 p.m. 
The fares are :— 



From Port of Spain to Chaguanas 

„ 5, Couva and Sandy Bay... 

„ ,, San Fernando ... 

„ „ La Brea 

„ „ Cedros 

The contractors are INIessrs. H. Watts & Co. ; the commander of the steamer 
is Captain INIasters. Breakfast, dinner, and refreshments are provided on 
board at a reasonable rate. The daily average number of passengers is esti- 
mated at 100 of all classes of fares. 



Ca 


bin. 


steerage. 


$ 





$ 





50 


25 





75 


3J 


1 


00 


50 


2 


00 


75 


3 


00 


1 25 



RETURN OF Public Works and Buildings Executed in the Colony 
OF Trinidad during the Seven Years, Commencing in January, 1857. 



Works begun before 1857, and completed since: — 

1. The New Jettv St. Vincent Wharf, Port-of-Spain, Completed £ 5,625 

2. The Bridge over the Caroni River „ 1,200 

3. New Resevoir St. Ann's Water- works „ 2,422 

4. The Colonial Hospital, Port-of-Spain „ 31,830 

5. The AVash-House „ 5,010 

6. Underground Earthenware Pipe Drain from the Colonial \ 

Hospital, Public Wash-House, and Royal Gaol to the > 2,277 
Sea, Comjileted ) 

7. The Lunatic Asylum, Completed 7,917 



Works begun in 1857, and subsequent Years : — 



£ 56,281 



8. Enclosure of Belmont Lands for a Government Pasture, ) .q. ^ ^ 

Completed j 

9. Public Bath House 2,243 

10. Colonial Hospital, San Fernando 11,093 

11. Iron Bridge over St. Juan's River \ 

12. Uo. St. Joseph's Do. { 12,850 

13. Do. Tacarigua Do. ) 

14. Additional Main Pipe, Maraval AYater-works 7,820 

15. Prince's Building, incomplete, but in use 11,500 

16. New Bonding AA arehouse, Port-of-Spain, Completed 3,736 

17. Observatory for Meteorological Observations, Botanic Garden 210 

18. New Wing, Lunatic Asylum 2,415 

19. Underground Drainage, St. James Barracks 1,570 

20. Underground Sewerage, Port-of-Spain, in progress 5,030 

21. Extension of the Wharves, and Improvements of the ) o^ «oq q q 

Harbour of Port-of-Spain j '' 

£150,022 



Note. — Of the above No. 2, 11, 12, and 13, were partly carried out with 
private or local funds. The cost of No. 21 is defrayed by a special Tax 
levied for the purpose on Goods and Live Stock landed on the wharves* 





833 







200 







200 







10 







8 





£ 


,776 






THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, 11^ 

EETURX OF Buildings acquired by Purchase for the Government of 
Trinidad during the Seven Years, Commencing in January, 1857. 

22. Barracks in Port-of-Spain, occupied first by the "W.I. Troops, ) -pono- o 

and now by the Police, Purchased from Mrs. Fuller j * ? ^ 

23. Bonding "Warehouse, San Fernando, Purchased from the ) , -^a a a 

Borough Council j 1^^00 

24. Police Station, Arima, Purchased from ]Mr. Goin 

25. Do. Sta. Cruz, Do. Mr. Hart 

26. Do. LaBrea, Do. Mr. Lewi& 

27. Do. Toco, 

28. Do, May, 



Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, and 11, were all carried out by Lewis "W, 
Samuel, Civil Engineer, and which do credit to his name, 

THE COLONIAL HOSPITAL, 

The building is erected on the grounds known as " Orange Groye," where 
the ^Military Barracks were formerly situated. The locality was at first ob- 
jected to, on account of an assertion of its unhealthiness, but on the perusal 
of a work (which was in the possession of D. Hart, Esq.,) by the late Doctor 
Jones, who was ]Medical officer of the Troops at the capture of the Island and 
the testimony of persons resident in the locality, it was found that the objec- 
tions raised were futile and without any grounds, particularly as Doctor Jones, 
in his work, gave an elaborate description of the spot, and proved, beyond 
a doubt, that the place was of all others better fitted for establishing a Hos- 
pital thereon than any other locality. The length of the building is 390 feet 
by 64 feet in width, with an open gallery of 10 feet wide on both sides of the 
first floor. The first and second floors are di^'ided into wards for difierent 
eases of disease ; but the arrangements are not quite complete, being deficient 
in some minor requisites. Since the comx)letion of the building, many altera- 
tions have been carried out, which tend in a degree to supply previous wants. 
The building is capable of accommodating 200 patients. Its outside structure 
certainly displays great taste, skill, and ability on the part of the architect? 
Mr. Samuel, a native of the Island, under whose personal and constant super- 
vision it was built ; indeed, few if any, such structures even in Europe can 
sm-pass it. There are also residences for the Medical officer. Dispenser, and 
the subordinate officers, together with a Dispensary, a Dead house, a Wash- 
house, a Laundry, a Bakery, an Ulcer-house, and other requisite out-build- 
ings. The grounds are most tastefully laid out in shrubs and fiowers of vari- 
ous descriptions, and much care is given to the same by Doctor Mercer, to 



120 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

whose exertions are due the efficient and well-conducted arrangements of the 
Institution generally. The first cost of the building was £27,000, but since 
then further sums have been expended, which have increased the cost to 
£31,830 sterling. It is situated on the extreme north end of the town, one 
mile distant from the Quay, and enclosed by an iron rail. The building was 
erected during the administration of Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Elliot, K.C.B., 
then Governor. The following extract from a Circular Despatch of the Secre- 
tary of State for the Colonies, 14th January, 1864, will show the high opinion 
entertained in regard to this institution and the Medical officer in charge 
thereof: " To sum up, of all the twenty-seven establishments, putting aside the 
new Lunatic Asylum in Jamaica, one only, the Port-of-Spain Hospital in 
Trinidad, can be said to be in a satisfactory condition." " With regard next 
to sanitary arrangements, it appears that the sites are, in many cases, bad ; 
but bad sites often mean convenient situations, and the site is often of compa- 
ratively small consequence if the buildings are good and well arranged. Of 
this, the Port-of-Spain Hospital, in Trinidad is an instance, which, though 
occupying the site of the once deadly Orange Grove Barracks, is not only the 
best managed, but the most healthy of all the West Indian Hospitals." 
" There is also a single instance in the West Indian group (the Port-of-Spain 
Hospital, Trinidad), where the result of government by a Board has been 
good ; but the result is here owing solely to the exertions of Dr. Mercer, the 
resident surgeon." " The state of the Hospital of Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, is 
an honourable exception to the general condition of West Indian Hospitals. 
Dr. Mercer was appointed resident surgeon in 1857, and since that date great 
reforms have been made in every part of the institution." — The staff of the 
institution consists of : — 

Chaplain 

House Surgeon 

Consulting do. . . 

Dispenser 

Assistant Dispenser 

Clerk 

Head Nurse 

8 do. 

2 Wardsmen 

Washerwoman 

Cook 

Porter 

Gate Porters (2) £25 each ... 

Provisions, Medicines, Clothing, Bedding, &c. 



£ 50 











700 











100 











150 











75 











175 











75 











200 











62 10 











60 











37 10 











30 











50 















£1765 
3500 










c. 






£5265 









THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



121 



Return of tlie total number of Patients admitted, discharged, and died at 
the Colonial Hospital of Port-of-Spain, for the year ending 31st December, 
1863 :— 









Remaining 




Admitted. 


Discharged. 


Died. 


31st Deer. 1863. 


Total. 


Coolies 335 


308 


82 


45 


335 


Chinese. ... 97 


65 


24 


8 


97 


Other nations ... 730 


522 


120 


88 


730 


1,162 


795 


226 


141 


1,162 



THE SAN FERNANDO HOSPITAL. 



This establishment, which was long required, was erected during the admi- 
nistration of Vice Admiral Sir Charles Elliot. It stands on a hillock, on 
the south-west part of San Fernando, commanding a view of the gulf, and 
from its structure has the advantage of the breezes from the East, West, 
North or South— its length is 224 feet, and its width 56 feet, with open 
galleries on each side 12 feet wide, and is capable of containing 100 patients — 
with an office and dispensary attached. There are also quarters for the 
Dispenser and subordinate officers — a dead-house, storeroom, kitchen, and 
other buildings. Although the arrangements are good, j^et they are neither full 
nor complete — the grounds although spacious are not planted out. If this were 
done, it would tend greatly to the advantage of the institution, at the same time 
affording the Medical Officer an opportunity for the display of his taste, 
particularly as he is a great Horticulturist. The Hospital was opened on the 
first of August 1859 ; the resident Medical Officer is Dr. Kirkman Finlay, 
whose talents stand high. The Staff of the Establishment consists of: — 



Chaplain . . 




£ 20 16 


8 




Medical Superintendant ..» 


... 


700 










Dispenser ... 


... 


100 










Clerk 


... 


100 










5 Nurses ... 


..e 


160 










Cook 


... 


30 










Laundress... ... ... 


... 


30 










Porter 


... 


30 










Interpreter and under Nurse ... 


... 


20 








8 



For lodging of Clerk 








50 


Provisions, Medicines, Clothing, Bedding 


&c.. 


&c. 




.. 2,200 







£3,440 16 


8 



122 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

Return of the total number of Patients admitted, discharged, and died at 
the Colonial Hospital, San Fernando, for the year ending 31st December* 
1863 :— 











Remaining 




Admitted. 




Discharged. 


Died. 


31st Dec, 1863. 


Total. 


Coolies 


227 


169 


34 


24 


227 


Other nations ... 


341 


240 


66 


35 


341 




568 


409 


100 


59 


568 



THE LEPER ASYLUM. 

I his Institution is situated at Cocorite, two miles and a half west of Port of 
Spain, and was formerly the Ordinance Stores ; they were purchased in 1844 
for their present purpose by the then Governor of the island. Sir Henry 
MacLeod, from the Imperial Government, and after having been properly re- 
paired and fitted up, the Asylum opened on the 12th May, 1845, imder the 
charge of Louis Rochard, Esq., as Resident Inspector, and Dr. James Lynch 
O'Connor, R.A., as the then Medical attendant. There are two large buildings 
running East and West with open galleries — the residence of the Inspector being 
in the centre. The inmates are provided with every necessary comfort — the 
grounds are level and spacious and afford ample scope for recreation — and 
the establishment being near to the sea, the unfortunate creatures located 
there have the advantage of sea bathing. The resident Inspector is one of the 
oldest and most respectable inhabitants of the island, a gentleman who was 
once possessed of a very fine sugar estate. He devotes all his attention to the 
care and superintendence of the unfortunate people under his charge, and 
although his duties are unquestionably very irksome and disagreeable, yet to his 
praise Mr. Rochard, like the good Samaritan, does his work in the most 
creditable and efficient manner. The staff of the institution consists of: — 

Medical Attendant ... 

Resident Inspector . . 

Dispenser 

Cook & Baker 

Washerwoman 

Nurse ... 

Wardsman 

Porter ... 

Inspector, for horse keep 

Provisions, Medicines, Clothing, Bedding, &c. 



£250 










200 










50 










35 










35 










20 










40 










30 










50 















- £ 710 









... 1250 







£1,960 


C 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 123 

Return of the total number of Lepers admitted, died, and remaining in the 
Leper Asylum for the year ending 31st December, 1863 : — 

-p.. , , Remaining on 

^^?c?? ' I^ied, 1863. 31stDecember, 

^^^'^' 1863. 

M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. 

In Asylum, Dec. 31, 1862.. 35 18 ... 3 6 3 43 18 

Admitt'dtoDec.31,1863..14 6 



49 24 .. 3 6 3 43 18 

THE LUNATIC ASYLUM. 



This Institution is situate in the remotest part of the suburbs of the town 
of Port-of- Spain, and knoT^-n as " Behnont.'' There are three separate build- 
ings elevated into rooms, with open galleries on the East and West sides. 
There is also an open building in which the inmates take their meals together. 
Cells properly padded, for desperate cases, are also provided, together with 
baths, wash-houses, and other requisites. There are suitable quarters for the 
Superintendent and subordinate officers. The unfortunate inmates are pro- 
vided with every comfort, and the greatest attention is paid to them. It is, 
however, very much to be regretted that a more level and spacious spot has 
not been selected, and one where there would always have been refreshing 
breezes. The institution was erected during the administration of Vice- 
Admiral Sir Charles Elliot. It is capable of containing 80 persons. The 
Medical attendant is Dr. Thomas Murray, senior. The Resident Superinten- 
dent is Mr. Pashley. The staff of officers consists of: — 

1 Medical Attendant 

Chaplain 

1 Resident Superintendent 

1 Chief Warder 

1 Teacher and Clerk 

4 Warders 

1 Chief Matron 

3 Asst. Do. . . 

1 Cook 

1 Porter 

1 Messenger ... 

Provisions, Medicines, Clothing, Beddinsr, &c, 



With regard to this institution the Secretary of State in a despatched 
addressed to Governor Keate, dated 1st July, 1864, states: "I find on 
examination that the reports, returns, and regulations of the Lunatic Asylum 
in Trinidad, are remarkably minute and complete ; and T fully recognize the 
care and attention given to the Asylum by Dr. Murray, and by Mr. Pashley 
the Resident Superintendent," 



£ 










20 


16 


8 






175 












75 












75 












140 












50 












85 












25 












25 












25 


















£ 695 16 
1250 


& 







•• 




£1,945 16 


8 



124 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

Return showing the number of Lunatics received, discharged, relieved, died 
and remaining in the Lunatic Asylum, for the year ending 81st December, 
1863 :— 

^?i^/y1'™' Admitted Discharged ^f^^^^*^ ^^^^ Deaths ^.^fVT'"^^ 

31f^,^^«-' in 1863. inlS63. take^l^^^J in 1863. ^^'iPr,''-' 

18()2. by friends. 1863. 

M. F. Total M. F. Total M. F. Total M. f. Total M. F. Total M. F. Total 

27 26 53 10 14 24 8 4 12 4 3 7 3 1 4 22 32 54 



o' 



THE ROYAL GAOL. 

The building is 208 feet in length by 59 feet in width. The prison is capable 
of containing 98 prisonsers in seperate cells, and 294 where more than one 
prisoner sleeps in one cell — there are also, separate and distinct quarters for 
female prisoners and debtors; and an infirmary — there is also, a store room, a 
work shop, a bakery, baths for different classes of j)risoners, and three airing 
yards. None of the subordinate officers except the night-watch and the 
matrons remain in the prison at night, there being no quarters for them. The 
Prison was built in 1812; but during the administrations of Governors Lord 
Harris and R. W. lieate, Esq., it has been extended and improved. There are 
46 seperate cells of a cubic contents each of 960 feet — ^48 cells of a cubic con- 
tents each of 1,680 feet — two refractory cells of a cubic contents each of 727 
feet ; two solitary cells af a cubic contents each of 603 feet ; one ward of a cu- 
bic contents of 7685 feet, and another of 2541 feet ; six female cells of a cubic 
contents each of 1454 feet ; 1 female debtors' ward of a cubic contents of 4141 
feet ; 10 male debtors' rooms of a cubic contents each of 1054 feet. The pri- 
son is situated at the northern extremity of Clarence street, within an enclo- 
sure of 312 feet in length and 251 feet in with, the height of the walls being 
25 feet. The prisoners are employed in various and profitable ways of associat- 
ed labour, which renders the institution self-supporting. The greatest 
number of prisoners in confinement at any one period has been 315 males and 
22 females. Besides the principal jDrison at; Port of Spain, there are five Li- 
censed Prisons in difierent parts of -the island, and one Penal Settlement at 
Irois. Prisoners convicted for not more than thirty days imprisonment, are 
committed to the licensed prisons, and are employed by the Wardens in clean, 
ing, making and repairing roads ; one shilling per diem for each prisoner be- 
ing paid to the Government for this labor. Prisoners convicted of serious 
crimes and having long period of imprisonment to undergo, are drafted from 
the prison in town to to the settlement at Irois, and are employed in filling 
squaring, and hauling out timber of different descriptions, making railway 
sleepers, cutting firewood, and other work. The timber is disoped of, at the 
rate of 70 cents per cubic foot, the firewood at $4.^- per cord, and the railway 
sleepers at 50 cents each, all deliverable at Port of Spain. Prisoners are also 
employed by the Borough Councils of Port of Spain and San Fernando in clean- 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



125i 



ing and sweeping the streets for which the Corporations pay the Government at 
the same rate as the Wardens. The artisan labor is employed in various works 
for the use of the Government. The staff of officers consists of — 



I Inspector 






£100 




1 Superintendent. 






350 




1 Clerk . 






150 




1 Assistant Clerk . 






75 




1 Overseer 






120 




1 Teacher 






50 




1 First Class Turnkey 






100 




4 Second do. do. 


at £80 




320 




7 Third do. do. 


at £70 




490 




9 Fourth do. do. 


at £50 




450 




1 Matron . 






40 




1 Assistant do. . 


• 




30 


£2,275 


To Superintendent for 


horse 


. 




50 


To Turnkeys to provide themselves with 






quarters 




. 




200 


Prisoners' bedding, clothing and 


other ne- 






cessaries. 




• 




3,500 



£6,025 
The original cost of the Gaol, according to the accounts laid before the 
Council on the 16th August, 1813, was £29,853 sterling. 

Crime in the island is much less than in other countries, in propor- 
tion to the population, and the natives of the island form but a small propor- 
tion of the total commitments. By the profitable employment of the prisoners, 
the prison department is made self-supporting, as shown by the following re- 
turn, classification, and table : — 

Return of Prisoners committed to Prison, with particulars of Crimes, Coun- 
try, Profession, Age, Religion, Courts Committed from, Number of Times 
Committed, Expenditure, &c., for the year ending 31st December, 1863. 



Committed from. 


Felons and 

Misde- 
meaneaits. 


Debtors. 


Age. 


Religion. 


County of St. George 

— Victoria....... 

— Caroni 


M. 

684 
157 
215 

49 
2 

71 


F. 

64 
4 

10 
4 


M. 

34 
61 
33 

121 


F. 

*2 
19 

21 


10 
15 
20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 
55 
60 
65 


to 15.. 

— 20.. 

— 25.. 

— 30.. 

— 35.. 

— 40.. 

— 45.. 

— 50.. 

— 55 . 

— 60.. 

— 65.. 

— 70.. 

Total.,. 


. 18 
. 121 
. 359 
446 
. 205 
. Ill 
. 79 
. 31 
. 21 
. 15 
4 
. 2 

1410 


C.ofE...302 

R. C 318 

Wes 29 

Pres 6 

Bap 4 

Hindoos. 585 
Chinese.. 79 
Mussul. .. 78 
Moravian 9 


— St. Patrick ... 

— St. David 

Supreme Criminal Court. . 
Complaint Court 


Petty Civil Court 




Supreme Civil Court 






1178 


82 


Total.. 1410 



126 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OP 

EXPENDITURE. 



Expenditure, including 

Salaries £5,575 

Valuation of Labour . . 4,538 3 



Daily cost of each 
prisoner without 
deductions £0 

Daily cost, with de- 
ductions 



11^ 

2 3-lOth 



Country. 



America 9 

Antigua 17 

Anguilla 7 

Africa 117 

Barbadoes 79 

China 81 

Dominica 10 

Demerara 7 

England 5 

France 6 

Grenada 37 

Guadeloupe .... 2 

India 686 

Jamaica 2 

Madeira 6 

Martinique 3 

Montserrat 21 

Nevis 27 

Ireland T 

Saba 3 

Tortola 2 

Tobago 16 

Trinidad 201 

Scotland 4 

St. Martin 3 

St. Vincent 22 

St. Kitts 19 

St. Thomas 4 

St. Lucia 6 

Cape de Verdes ... 1 

Total 1410 



Crimes and Offenders. 



Education in 
Gaol. 

Writing 31 

Heading 42 

Arithmetic 31 

beripture Reading 31 

Spelling 45 



Assault and battery 

x\sslg. soldiers to desert.. 

Arson 

Breach of contract 

Breaking and entering ... 

Beating drum after hours 

Breach of the peace 

Contempt of court 

Cruelty to animals 

Cutting and wounding... 

Cart unattended 

Debt 

Drunkenness 

Damage with intent to 
steal 

Exposure of person 

Forgery 

Furious riding 

Harbouring immigrants.. 

Killing and slaying 

Larceny 

Murder .. 

Malicious injury to person 

Obscene language 

Obstructing streets 

Plying without license... 

Refusing duty on board 
ship 

Riding on shaft of cart... 

Resistg. police constables 

Robbery with violence... 

Removing spirits without 
permit , . 

Riotous behaviour 

Shooting with intent 

Setting hre without giv- 
ing notice 

Sellg. rum without license 

Tresspass 

V/ithdrawing from police 
duty without leave ... 



1 
1 
1 

14 

3 

150 

53 

14 

27 

1 

12 

5 

3 

314 

6 

1 

69 

22 

21 

4 
2 

10 



Profession. 



124 Auctioneer 1 

2 Boatmen 3 

1 Butchers 2 

495 Bakers 8 

1 1 Coach-painter 1 

Coopers 9 

Coach smith 1 

Clerks (writing) . . 14 

Carters 4 

Carpenters 32 

Cigar-maker 1 

Contractor 1 

Distiller 1 

Fishermen 3 

Goldsmith 1 

Gardener 1 

Hucksters 8 

House servants. ... 10 

Joiners 3 

Interpreters 3 

Labourers 1118 

Merchant 1 

Masons 12 

Painters 13 

Professors of Music. 4 

Planters 12 

Seamen 44 

Solicitors 2 

Sailmaker 1 

Sawyers 4 

Saddlers 4 

Shoemakers 9 

Schoolmasters 2 

Seamstresses 10 

Soldiers , 8 

Ship carpenters 5 

Shopkeepers 13 

Tinsmith 1 

Tailors 18 

Wheelwrights 3 

Washers 19 



Total 11 10 



Total 1410 



THE ISLAND OF TKlNIDAt). 



1^? 



Number of Times 
Convicted. 



1 


2 


M. F. 

894. 77 


M. F. 

203 33 



Punishments. 

M F. 

Solitary confine- 
ment 29 1 

Whipping 9 ... 

Irons 5 ... 



Read and Write. 



3 


Coloured 


M. 
88 


F. 




5 


M. F. 


Whites 


26 


... 


203 10 









Deaths. 



Males 



Daily Average 326 



Prisoners in Prison, 

31st December, 

1863. 



M. F. 

Felons 100 4 

Misdemeanants. 127 6 

Waiting Trial... 18 .. 

Want of Bail... 3 .. 

Debtors 22 2 

Lunatics 11 



Total.. .. 281 12 



Years. 



1859 
1860 
1861 
1862 
1863 



Commitments. 



Felons 


Misdem 


M. 


F. 


M. 


76 


4 


623 


71 


4 


674 


62 


5 


884 


86 


15 


1289 


71 




1107 



F. 



77 
69 
102 
51 
52 



Total ex- 
penditure 
including 
Salaries. 



£. s. d. 

4804 6 1 

4463 19 2 

4764 8 3 

5375 

5575 



P-i 



Amount 

of 
Labor of 
Prisoners. 



^ o 






^ O 



£ s. d. 
3920 10 1 
3999 19 10 
4302 10 
4430 5 8 
4536 3 



s. d. 
I H 

Hi 

1 0| 
1 Oi 

1 



rft- 








m 




a 




o 












u 




Ph 




=+-( 




o 




PU 




o 




O) 




r^ 


!3 






--C! 




C 


o 


c3 


;:s 


■^^ 


^ 




o 


O nj 1 


O 




>r'S 1 






S 


^ 


P 


s. 


d. 





2| 





1 





u 





2 





21 



Daily 

average 

number 

of 

Prisoners. 



248 
269 
250 
286 
261 



128 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW Of 



Return of Prisoners convicted (and tlieir sentences) of crimes of \nolence, 
separating Indian and Chinese Immigrants and others, classifying crimes 
of Murder, Rape, Rape, Robbery with violence, and other crimes of vio- 
lence with date and nmnber of executions, from 1st January 1860 to 1st 
January, 1865 : — 













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Date of Executions. 

24 September, 1861 I 30 June, . 1163 I 5 Januarv, 1864 
1 April, . 1862 | 5 January, 1864 | 5 April, '. 18G4 



10 January, 1865 
Total . . . Seven. 



Periods of Sentence. 

Years Years Years Years Months Months Months Months Months Months 

10 4 3 2 18 15 12 9 6 3 



17 36 

Total. 
Executions 



26 



31 



7 8 

140 

7 



147 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 129 

BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 



With the exception of the Daily Meal Society, which owes its existence to 
the indefatigable exertions of the Rev. S. L. B. Richards and his lady, no 
other association exists by which the poor might benefit. In former years 
such was not the case ; this proves how matters, even of religion, are retrograding. 
In 1834, Lady Hill — a descendant of one of the highest aristocratic families 
of Ireland, and wife of the then Governor, the late Sir Geo. F. Hill, Bart., — 
founded a " Ladies Benevolent Society," irrespective of colour or creed. The 
greatest harmony and feeling devoid of all prejudice existed, and by their 
united exertions the poor derived considerable advantage 

Ah ! little think the gay, licentious proud 

Whom pleasure, power, and affluence surround ; 

They, who their thoughtless hours in giddy mirths, 

And wanton, often cruel riot, waste j 

Ah ! little think they, while they dance along, 

How many feel, this very moment, death 

And all the sad variety of pain. 

* * * Thought, fond man, 

Of these, and all the thousand nameless ills, 

That one incessant struggle render life, 

One scene of toil, of suffering and of fate, 

Vice in his high career would stand appalled, 

And heedless rambling impulse learn to think ; 

The conscious heart of charity would warm. 

And her wide-wish benevolence delate. — Thompson. 

As a proof of what good was done by the Ladies of that Society, a perusal 
of the following particulars, will, it is hoped, not only satisfy the curious, but 
encourage others to " go and do so likewise : " 

A general meeting of the Members of the Ladies Society for the Relief of 
the Industrious Poor and Indigent Sick of Port of Spain, was held at Govern- 
ment House, pursuant to Notice, on Monday the 19th January, 1835. 

A detailed Statement was made of the beneficial results experienced by the 
community from the humane exertions of the Ladies who form the Asso- 
ciation. Thereupon a considerable discussion took place, which produced the 
expression of an anxious and unanimous desire that they should continue their 
labors ; in which having acquiescend, the following business was then 
transacted : 

A return of the money received and expended since the 1st of June, 1834, 
was laid before the Meeting and approved : 



130 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



An account of the sums disbursed by the Ladies' Society for the Relief of 
the Industrious Poor and Indigent Sick of Port of Spain, from 1st June, 1834, 
to the 19th January 1835 : — 

PAYMENTS. 

Amount paid to persons relieved and for work before 

the Town was divided into districts 
Amount paid to persons relieved in District No. 1. ... 



Ditto 


ditto 


ditto 


No. 2. 


Ditto 


ditto 


ditto 


No. 3. 


Ditto 


ditto 


ditto 


No. 4. 


Ditto 


ditto 


ditto 


No. 5. 


Ditto 


ditto 


ditto 


No. 6. 



Total amount paid to persons relieved 
Paid expenses fitting up hospital 
Paid to persons relieved in ditto 



at 



7 16 
58 12 



Paid to Mrs. Littlewood as clerk and assistant, 

10s. per week ... 
Cost of articles of apparel lent to paupers 
Paid expenses during sickness and for funeral of a 

distressed gentleman 
Paid for account books for Society 
Paid for a trunk and chest for ditto 
Paid for bread 6s., do. for cotton print ... 
Paid for a gown for a poor woman 

Money voted by the Society at different times to poor 

people who are not pensioners 
Paid wages to workmen 
A grant to the Clothing Society 
Paid house rent for Miss Welsh 
Paid house rent for Eve 

A loan to Miss Cooper in progress of repayment 
Ditto to M. L. Darrnany 

Paid Rosette, a persioner 

Paid Catherine Elikt 

This sum sent to Martinique in order to purchase 

goods for the Bazpar 
This sum paid for goods purchased for the purpose of 

being sold at ditto 
This sum given to INIadame Begue to send to ilarti- 

nique fr the purchase of goods 
Paid Madame Bcgue for goods for the Bazaar 
Paid for beef, wine, and porter sold at the Bazaar ... 

Paid for ..count books, &c. ... 

Cash in the hands of Mrs. Bushe, the Treasurer, the 
10th January, 1835 



3 
5 12 



303 



66 

16 
11 



2 

22 

100 



12 

7 


50 

63 

50 



23 
3 

261 



1,015 



These acccuits have been audited by Mr. Busiie and Mr. Begue. 



THE ISLAND Oy TRiNIDAfi. 



131 



An account of monies received by the Ladies' Society for the Relief of the 
Industrious Poor and Indigent Sick of Port of Spain, from 1st June, 1834, to 
the 19th January, 1835. 

]834. EECEIPTS. 

June 1. £ s. d. 

Balance in hand of Mrs. Cummins, the Treasurer, this day ... 90 18 9 



Received by Mrs. Cummins, the Treasurer, for donations, sub- 
scriptions, and goods sold fVom 1st June to 4th July, 1834. ... 

Received by Mrs. Biishe, the Treasurer, for donations, subscrip- 
tions, and goods sold from loth August, 1834, to 17th January, 
1835. ... ... ... ... '.. 

Received from Mrs. Cummins this sum to send to Martinique to 
purchase goods ... 

Received by Mrs. Bushe, being the total amount of sales at the 
Bazaar 

Received also from Mrs. Spencer, Mrs. Pasea, Mrs. Tuite, Mrs 
Cummins, and Mrs. Glenton 



1835. 
January 19. 

Cash in the hands of Mrs. Bushe, the Treasurer, this day 

lem.. — Besides the above Balance in the Treasurer's hands, there 
is in the hands of the Rev. Mr. Cummins to be accounted for ... 

There are also Henry James Mills' two notes endorsed by John 
Wilson, Esq., in the Treasurer's hands, which were presented 
to the Society by the Hon. George Scotland, amountiug to .. 



E.E. 
19th January, 1835. 

ELIZA BUSHE, Treasurer. 
B. UNIACKE, Secretarv. 



242 17 6 

292 11 6 

50 

321 14 9 

17 5 6 



1015 8 



251 15 3 



25 



132 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



The Meeting then proceeded to elect, for the ensuing year:— 
Lady Hill to be Patroness, 

President 



Madame Ganteaume 
Mrs. O'Connor ... 

Mrs. Bushe 
Miss Uniacke 
Mrs. Rochford .. 



Vice-President 
Treasurer 
Secretary 
Assistant Secretary. 



Mrs. Melville 
Mrs. Hutchison 
Mrs. Begue 
Mrs. Mackworth 
Mrs. McGregor 
Mrs. Radix 



District No. 1. 

No. 2. 

„ No. 3. 

„ No. 4. 



Miss Shine 
Madame Danglade 
Miss Stewart 
Mrs. Wharf 
Miss DeHeureux 
Mrs. Espinoza. 



General Committee'. 
Mrs, Cipriani 
Mrs. Hart 
Mrs. Cordner 
Miss Miller 
Miss Darmany 
Miss Leotaud 

To facilitate the visiting of the poor, the Town of Port of Spain is divided 
into six Districts; and the Meeting elected the following Ladies to be 
denominated " The Visiting Committee," and appointed to visit 

Mrs. Hart District No. 5. Mrs. Begue and 

Mrs. Wharf Miss DeHeureux 

Miss Miller „ No. 6. Miss Stewart and 

Miss Cordner Mrs. McGregor. 

The following Medical gentlemen have gratuitously offered their profes- 
sional services : 

Dr. M'Cowan, to ... ... District No. 1. 

Dr. O'Connor, to ... .... „ No. 2. 

Drs. Murray and Latapy, to ... „ No. 3. 

Dr. Neilson, to ... ... „ No. 4. 

Drs. Court and Lordat, to ... t ., „ No. 5. 

Dr. VanBuren, to ... ... „ No. 6. 

The Meeting then proceeded to appoint a Committee to collect the sub- 
scriptions, to be called " The Collecting Committee." 

Mrs. O'Connor to collect from the annual subscribers ; Madame Danglande 
and Madame Begue to collect from those persons who subscribe by the half- 
year, quarter, or weekly ; Mrs. Cordner and Mrs. Rochford to collect from 
the monthly subscribers. 

The Ladies received the highest commendation and were sincerely applauded 
and thanked for their benevolence and successful exertions in relieving the 
poor. 

The meeting then separated. 

P. A. M. A. GANTEAUME, 
Secretary to the Meeting. 

Monday, 19th January, 1835. 



TELE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 

EDUCATION. 



133 



Amount Expended in the Several Wards for Education, 1864. 



Tacarigua Ward Union. 


Salary of 
Masters. 


Rent : 


[ncidental 
Expenses. 


Total. ' 


St. Joseph .... 
Maracas .... 

Caura 

Tacarigua .... 
Arouca .... 


. S 432 
. 'A08 
. 384 
. 480 
. 384 


S 48 GO S 212 37 

48 GO 17 45 

126 00 5 00 

192 00 4 95 

— 5 60 


- S 2747 57 


Couva Ward Union. 












Chaguanas. 

Couva . , . . 
Savonetta . ... 
Point-a-Pierre . 


. 480 

■. 480 

. 422 

. 336 


180 00 

180 00 
95 00 


9 50 

207 41 

12 00 

2 00 


2404 91 


Mayaro Ward Union. 


480 


— 


— 




480 GO 


Arima Ward Union. 


432 


— 


46 40 


478 40 


Diego Martin Ward Union. 










Chaguaramas (Monos) 
Maraval .... 
Diego Martin . 
Carenage .... 


. 240 
. 336 
. 384 

. 288 


100 GO 
168 00 
100 00 


9 
15 

11 
14 


40 
65 
30 
15 


1666 50 


North Naparima Ward Union. 










St. Joseph's Village . 
St. Magdelaine . 
North Savanna Grande 
Mission Savanna Grande . 
Indian Walk Savanna Grande. 


. 432 
. 432 

. 384 
. 480 
. 336 


144 00 

72 00 
119 57 


13 

10 

58 

8 

58 


38 
30 
51 
35 
51 


2548 62 


South Naparima Ward Union. 










Victoria Village . 
Kambert's Village 
Oropouche. 
St. Ann's Ward Union. 


. 432 
. 432 
. 384 


168 00 
180 GO 
120 00 


20 
25 
26 


94 
95 
10 


1788 99 


St. Ann's .... 
Laventille .... 
St. Juan's .... 
Santa Cruz. 
Cedros Ward Union. 


. 240 
. 336 

. 384 
. 384 


72 00 
120 00 
120 00 


2 
5 
8 
9 


GO 
10 
15 
50 


1680 75 


Cedros .... 
Guapo .... 
LaBrea .... 


. 480 
. 408 
. 408 


— 


20 
15 


94 

12 


1332 06 




$15,127 60 




£3,151 11 8 



134 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OP 



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THE ISLAND OF TRIXIDAD. 135 

THE TRINIDAD CORRESPONDING COMMITTEE OF THE 
SOCIETY OF ARTS. 

At the Exhibition of 1852, seven Medals were awarded for Articles sent 
from Trinidad, viz :^ 

1 To the Trinidad Corresponding Committee of the Society of Arts for Fibres. 
1 To the Trinidad Exhibition Committee for Seeds, Cocoa, &c. 
1 To Mr. Wall for Geological Maps. 

1 To F. Basanta for Cotton grown at Monos and valued at 2s. per lb. 
1 To Dr. H. Mitchell for Cotton valued at 2s. 6d. per lb. 
1 To S. Devenish for AVoods, and Honourable Mention of S. Devenish for 

Drugs. 
1 To the Trinidad Society of Arts for Starches. 

Through some mismanagement in England, ]Mr. H. Criiger, the late Colo- 
nial Botanist, who had taken a great deal of trouble about the Exhibition and 
had solely prepared all the samples of Cocoa and Fibres sent, was altogether 
overlooked in the awards, having only by a mistake been named for a medal 
for woods, an error which was afterwards rectified, the IVIedal being sent to 
Mr. Devenish who had been the chief collector of the woods ; but the Trinidad 
Corresponding Committee of the Society of Arts unanimously resolved, that of 
the three Medals awarded to the Committee and the Exhibition Committee, one 
be presented to His Excellency Governor Keate, one to the Honourable Charles 
William Warner, C-B., President of both of these Committees, and one Class II 
embracing Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products to Mv. H. Criiger, as a testi- 
monial of the sense entertained by the Committee of his exertions in forwarding 
the objects of the Committee, and for a Catalogue of the collection as compiled 
by him. 

Some of the finest specimens of the Woods of the Island were collected by 
Mr. Devenish and presented to Governor Keate and the Honourable C. W. 
Warner. The latter gentleman had a splendid table made in England, 
which was very much admired at the last Exhibition ; the latter gentleman 
had also two tables and two work-boxes made, all of which proved the su- 
perior q^ualities of the Woods of Trinidad. 



PREVAILING WmDS. 

Generally from the month of February to the end of May in each year. 
North -East winds prevail, and commence between 9 and 10 a.m. to blow 
fresh, getting fresher from about 2 o'clock, p.m., until half-past 6 o'clock, p.m., 
when they fall to a light breeze as in the early part of the m.orning. From 
June to October the winds vary and are frequently from the Westward, and 
from the Southward. From November to January the winds blow from the 
Northward. The mornings throughout the year are generally calm, in conse- 
quence of the breeze not rising until between nine and ten o'clock, a.m. 



136 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OP 

TIDES. 

Neap-tides rise 2| feet, Spring tides 4 feet at Port of Spain. It is high wa- 
ter at Boca de Navios 48 minutes, at Boca de Monos 36 minutes, at Punta de 
Gallos 22 minutes before Port of Spain, at Couva and Point-a-Pierre 5 mi- 
nutes, at San Fernando and La Brea 8 minutes, and at Oropouche 13 minutes 
after Port-of- Spain. The tides run very strong, when rising the tide runs 
from the West, proceeding along the eastern coast towards the Serpent's 
in the Mouth South- West. When falling the tide proceeds the contrary way, 
namely, from the Serpent's Mouth along the eastern coast towards the Bocas, 



ECLIPSE OF THE SUN 1831. 



On the 31st November, 1861, there was a total Eclipse of the Sun, visible at 
Trinidad, prior to which His Excellency Governor Keate had requested differ- 
ent gentlemen to watch the Eclipse at various parts of the Island, of whom Mr. 
Devenish was one who proceeded to Irois in company with the late Mr. H. 
Criiger and Mr. Tucker. Mr. Criiger took two drawings, Mr. Devenish 21, 
and Mr. Tucker several photographs and the diflPerent phases of the Eclipse. 
These notes and observations were sent to England, and in a letter from T. R. 
Hind, Esq., dated 3rd March, 1862, addressed to Governor Keate, that gentle- 
man states — "These observations possess a high degree of interest and impor- 
" tance with reference to this particular Eclipse, and I propose to communicate 
" them to the Boyal Astronomical Society for publication. At this moment the 
" papers are in the hands of the Astronomer Royal. The observers appear 
" to have acquitted themselves with great judgment." 



SUGAR ESTATES. 



The manufacture of Sugar is principally carried on by steam engines. There 
are very few water-mills, and about half-a-dozen cattle-mills. There are no 
wind-mills, although in former "years some did exist — say on the Barrataria 
Estate, on the St. Joseph's road, then the property of the late John Black, and 
on the Palmiste Estate in Naparima. The plough is now getting into more ex- 
tensive use than hitherto. The harrow and other implements of husbandry 
will no doubt be gradually brought into use. 

A SLIP DOCK. 



A Slip Dock has been for some time much talked of, but no direct steps 
have been taken to bring the question prominently before the public, although 
the measure is one of importance and could not fail to be of immense benefit to 
the country, the geograj^hical position of which is such, as to render the un- 
dertaking easily to be carried out. Apart from the local steamers there are 
almost weeklv merchant steamers visiting the island, and the establishment of 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, 137 

a Slip Dock would be of natural advantage ; nor is it irrevelant to tlie subject 
to add that a Dredging Macliine would also add much to the benefit of the 
Island, and tend very materially to lessen the present delay in the un- 
loading and loading of ships. The Dredge would not only be useful in 
deepening the approaches of the Quays, but also the clearing and deepening 
of the several Rivers and Creeks, which !;are daily filling up. What with 
the necessity of tide work and the shallowness of the rivers, and the large mud 
banks at the entrance of those rivers and creeks, the shipping experience, not 
only very great inconvenience, but considerable delay in loading. By the im- 
portation of a Dredge, there would very soon be less hire of " Flats," an item 
in the ships' disbursements of a large amount ; under such circumstances it 
£eems to the advantage of shipowners to agitate the measure. The improve- 
ment of the Carenage at Barbados is altogether owing to the importation of a 
25-horse power Dredge which has been, and continues to be, worked to very 
great advantage. 



FORTIFICATIONS, 



Trinidad cannot boast of these. The old Sea-Fort which formerly existed at 
the King's, now Queen's Wharf, may be numbered among the " things that 
were ;" it exists, but only to remind the old inhabitants of its use in former 
days, particularly during Martial Law. There are a few iron guns on it, but 
they are scarcely ever used, and the flag -staff" serves to hoist the Union- Jack 
on the arrival of a Ship-of-War or some state day. The eastern room once 
used by Military Guard, is now occupied at night by a few Policem.en. The 
Fort next in name is Fort George, used as a signal post, nor could it be used 
for any other service, unless a few Armstrong's 600-yards rangers were there 
placed, and even then, it may be a question of their utility. The Fort stands 
on a hill of considerable height, about three miles North- West of Port of 
Spain. Indeed there exists little or no use of Forts, as even in case of an in- 
vasion they would not benefit the island or the inhabitants from the very many 
facilities that offer for the landing of troops within and without the Gulf. In 
the early part of the present century a Fort was erected on the North side of 
the Island on a hill on Las Cuevas Bay, which bears the name of Fort Aber- 
crombie to this day ; a number of shot and shells are to be found in the en- 
trenchments. The remains of small batteries erected.at Point Gourde and the 
East end of Gasparillo by the British, are to be seen ; at the former although 
covered in brushwood, there is an excellent tank for the deposit of rain water. 
To this fortification, if it may so be called, there is also a very well made road 
but which has been allowed to be overgrown in brushwood. The remains of a 
Bmall Mud Fort erected in the early days of the Spaniards are to be seen on the 
North bank of the Caroni River, in a line to the town of St. Joseph's, or ''San 
Jose de Oruna," which was the then seat of the Spanish Government. Under 



^^S HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

the Ordinance passed a few years ago, for tlie extension or improvement of the 
^Vharf, it was therein provided that the Commissioners were to huild a Fort 
and erect a Lighthouse. 



HART'S CUT. 

This is a Canal cut across the Isthmus of Chaguaramas 2,165 feet in leno-th,. 
15 feet in width, and 4 feet deep from the banks. The cutting was suggested 
by Mr. Daniel Hart, Superintendent of Prisons, approved of by the Governor 
Sir Charles Elliot, K.C.B., and ordered to be carried out under Mr. Hart's su* 
perintendence by means of convict laboui\ The work was completed on the 
29th May, 1856, on which day it was formally opened by the Governor, as- 
sisted by the Attorney- General, the Honourable C. W. Warner C.B., the Co- 
lonial Secretary, the Honourable T. F. Johnston, and the local Warden, the 
late Frederick Camm Bowen. To the inhabitants of Chaguaramas, Monos, and 
Chacachacare, the Cut is one of the greatest of boons that could have been con- 
ferred, obviating as it does, the necessity (as previously) of going round the 
dangerous passage by Point Gourde, a place where many persons have lost 
their lives. The Cut is now (1865) being widened and made deeper. When 
completed it will be 25 feet in width and 7 feet deep fi'om the bank, with a 
breast wall extending 200 feet on each side from the Eastern entrance, and lOO' 
feet on the West side. The Cut is 5 miles from the high road of Diego Mar- 
tin, and 10| miles from the Town of Port of Spain. 



THE ISLANDS KNOWN AS THE FIVE ISLANDS, OR THE 
BRIGHTON OF TRINIDAD. 

These are situated about six miles. West of Port of Spain, and about two. 
miles from the village of Carenage on the North shore, one and a half mile 
from Hart's Cut, and a similar distance from the island of Gasparillo to the 
Westward. They originally belonged to the Crown, but a few years ago 
grants of them were made to different persons ; the first being that now called 
" Caledonia," but whose original name was Marlin Spike Hall which was 
granted to the late Lieut. Herbert Mackworth, R.N., then Marshal of Trini- 
dad. The second is that known as Lenagan's Island ; the third, now Steven- 
son's, was first granted to Doctor Thomas Neilson who gave it the name of 
" Bel Air ;" the fourth is. the " Pelican Island," and was granted to C. Hob- 
son, but belongs now to G. Revell ; the fifth is the ''Rock'" granted lo T. F. 
Johnston, who disposed of it to Dr. R. Mercer, and the latter made it a present 
to Master Thomas Laughlin, to whom it now belongs. The " Craig" is part 
and parcel of " Caledonia," a narrow separation having of late been made by 
the sea. The dwelling house stands on a large rock which formed the West 
part of the island. At the departure of Lieut. Mackworth from the island, 
Marlin Spike Hall was purchased by the late Mr.. Caldwell who gave it the 
name of Caledonia, and some time aftei he built the Craig for his own private 



tHE Island of trinidad. 139 

"use. There are dwelling houses on the Craig, Pelican, Lenagau's, the Kock 
and Stevenson's ; the latter is the most commodious and roomy. The original 
dwelling house on Caledodia (in which Lord Harris passed his honey-moon) 
having heen permitted to fail to decay, no other house has since been erected. 
Caledonia is about one hundred yards from Pelican, forty yards from Lena- 
gan's and three hundi^ed yards from the Stevenson's and the Rock. These is- 
lands are frequently resorted to (especially by newly married couples) for sea- 
bathing and the sea air. Their extent is very trifling, Stevenson's is the 
largest, and the only one that affords a short Walk. At the Pelican, Lena- 
gan's, the Craig and the Rock, there is no room whatever for walking except 
within'the dwelling houses ; a seat on the Rocks in the cool of the morning 
and evenings to take the fresh air is the principal amusement. Stevenson's 
might with a little expense be made a very pleasant and agreeable " Sea Villa." 
Fresh water has to be brought from Carenage, and the daily use of a boat is 
always required. With the exception of the Craig which now belongs to J. 
Maitland, the dvy-elling houses on these islands are roughly built but commo= 
dious and nothing but rustic furniture is to he found in them. They are rent- 
ed at one dollar or four shillings and two-pence per diem. The hire of a beat 
to or from these islands to Port of Spain is two dollars and a half or ten shil- 
lings and five pence sterling. There are two other islands West of the Five 
Islands distant about one mile, |known as Carrera's and Creteau's. They are 
equally resorted to for similar purposes as the five islands, and give an addi- 
tional revenue by the sale of ballast to the shipping. The former was known 
as " Long Island," the latter as " Begorrat's Island. The island of Gasper 
Grande or more properly " Gasparillo," lies to the North- West of Creteau's 
Island, distant a few hundred yards. It is about one mile long and half a mile 
in breadth ; it was at the East end of this island that the Spanish ships-of-war 
were at anchor at the time the British squadron under Admiral Harvey arriv- 
ed for the purpose of capturing the Island, and it was here that the Spanish 
ships, four in number, were burnt on the 17th February, 1799, by the Spanish 
Admiral Apodaca. Several of the guns of these vessels were recoved in Ja- 
nuary, 1856, by the aid of diving apparatus brought out by the American 
schooner " Silver Key." Tor some time after the capture of the Island by the 
British, a portion of the troops were here garrisoned, and a small fort was 
erected which still bears the name of " Bomb Shell Hill." In former years 
this island was cultivated in cotton, but this has long since been abandoned. 
There were also two whaling establishments on the island, one by a Bermu- 
dlan Captain, the other by a Mr. Tardieu. Both of these are now abandoned. 
A few persons inhabit the island who raise a small quantity of manioc. 
There are on it also two Marine Villa's, one belonging to J. P. Tuttleby, the 
other to Mrs. Liddle. The latter is called " Silver Bay," and to which parties 
from Port of Spain resort for change of air. The West point of this island is 
made on first entering the small Boca. The islands of " Monos" and " Cha- 
cachacare" West of the first or small Boca are both considerably inhabited, 



140 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL TIEW OF 

and on them ground provisions and the sugar-apple (a very nice fruit) are 
raised. During the time of slavery a large quantity of cotton was grown on 
" Chacachacare" but which, on the emancipation of the slaves, was altogether 
abandoned. In consequence however of the present high price of the article, 
and owing to the enterprise of Messrs. Gerold and Urich, the cultivation has 
again been resumed by these gentlemen, and they are followed in the example 
by some of the small proprietors. On this island there are three or four whal- 
ing establishments carried on by the Messrs. Gerold and Urich, Tardieu, and 
F. Urich and Son. There is an excellent bay affording safe anchorage. 

" Goose Island" lies to the South- West of " Chacachacare," and is first seen 
on entering the Boca Grande, or Grand Boca. It is about one mile and a 
half in length and three quarters of a mile in breadth ; it is uncultivated and 
without inhabitants although the soil is good for the raising of provisions. 
There is a small and somewhat secure bay. 

OYSTERS. 

Trinidad can boast of a large supply of magnificent Oysters principally on 
its Eastern and Southern coast, The Nariva, Mayaro, and Moruga Oysters 
are reported the best in the Colony. This does not include the Oysters grow- 
ing on the mangrove roots in many of the swamps of the island, and in se- 
veral places on our sea-board, nor the Rock Oysters of Point Gourde, &c., &c. 
The Mangrove and Rock Oysters are generally small. Those of Nariva, Ma- 
yaro, and Moruga are large, of a size averaging about 3x2 inches. In the 
dry season they are particularly well in flesh ; there are several beds of 
Oysters about Cocorite, but through the apathy of the people. Oysters are very 
seldom found in our markets. A new branch of industry has recently started 
in San Fernando in that line ; several Chinese have opened a regular Oyster 
trade and supply their customers and others with Oysters already shelled. 



THE RIOTS OF 1st OCTOBER, 1849. 

As mention is made, in the chronological table of this work of these Riots, 
some remarks are necessary to elucidate the matter, in order that at a future 
period they may not be considered as having emanated from any unjust act of the 
Government. In 1849 the Rules and Regulations of the Royal Gaol requiring 
amendment, and as it was customary to confine in the same ward persons of all 
classes committed for debt, many of whom (Coolies) were generally filthy, and 
without the means of supplying themselves with either clothing or food, whilst 
their dirty habits were disgusting : it was deemed important not only to en- 
force habits of cleanliness but also, for the prevention of disease, to alter the 
rules in regard to this class of prisoners. Consequently a rule was drawn up 
to the eff'ect — " That in the event of persons being committed for debt and 
without the means of providing themselves with food and clothing, a plain 
prison drei.8 of oznaburg should be supplied them, as also the Gaol rations, 



THE ISLAND OF TEINID.iD. l4l 

and that tlie persons so receiving the same should perform such reasonable la- 
bour as might be assigned them by the Keeper." Previous to the rule being 
passed, a rumour of an evil design vras set on foot by certain discontented and 
disaffected agitators. The first of each month being the regular day of meeting 
of the Legislative Council, hence the fii^st of October was the day an vrhichthe 
Council was to discuss the rule in question. Earlj in the morning of that day, 
an assemblage of persons took place at a house in the Almond Walk, and from 
thence they proceeded to the Eastern Market for the purpose of speechifying 
and for adopting resolutions against the measure of the Government. Had 
the measure been calmly discussed, and if found contrary to the rules of all ci- 
vilized nations, been remonstrated against in a respectful manner, it would 
have been all very well, but such was not the case. On the contrary, these per- 
sons were opposed to the Government, not in consequence of the Gaol rule that 
was intended to be passed, but because they could not bind the Government to 
other whims of their own. The meeting was naturally attended by a large 
concourse of the lower orders who were altogether ignorant as to the real facts, 
but whose presence was required to aid in other things, in which the promoters 
of the meeting considered it not prudent to take the lead, so that they might 
not be identified. After much palaver it was agreed that their remonstrances 
should be presented to the Council by a deputation, as it were from the Market 
meeting. Accordingly, between 12 and 1 o'clock noon, and while the Council 
was sitting, the deputation made its way to the Council-room, the mob or 
rabble who had followed from the Market remaining outside the Government 
Buildings. The chairman of the deputation was calmly and respectfully list- 
ened to by the Governor (Lord Harris) and the Council, and while such was 
going on, the mob began to shower stones and other missiles into the Council- 
room, smashing the glass windows of Government House and the Office of the 
Attorney-General. Of course this was the sigiial for a general uproar. The 
Governor finding it impossible for the Council to sit in safety in the Council- 
room, invited the members to his private office. They had however no sooner 
met there than stones began to be also thrown into that room, and all the glass 
windows were smashed. Such being the confusion it was found necessary to 
adjourn the meeting of Council (the deputation having previously made their 
exit). The mob was addressed by Lord Harris as also by the Attorney-Gene- 
ral, but to no purpose, and as the assemblage continued to increase in numbers 
and in violence, Special Constables were at once sworn in (and to the great 
credit of the community be it said, all respectable men readily came forward 
and had themselves sworn in), the Police was assembled, and the troops sent 
for. On the arrival of a company of the 88th Regiment, then under the com- 
mand of Lieut.-Colonel, now ^Major-General H. Shirley, a few pieces of ar- 
tillery, and a company of the W. I. Regiment, preparations were made for the 
due protection of life, the defence of the town, and the upholding of the ma- 
jesty of the law. The Riot Act w^as read by the Stipendiary Magistrats Mr. 
J. J. Cadiz, and the people were warned to retu-e to their homes, which was 



14^ HISTORICAL And statistical TIEW 6? 

however treated with contempt, and the throwing of stones was resorted to 
with greater violence. Many of the officers and soldiers were severely struck 
which they hore with true English courage. Things went on to a degree more 
the acts of maniacs than civilized beings. By whose word it has to this 
day remained a mystery, but anyhow the word " fire" was given, and 
three persons were wounded. This, however, did not daunt the populace, 
who were evidently hounded on by " some'* who held themselves in the 
back ground. As evening was fast approaching piquettes were formed, and a 
strong horse patrol numbering some 50 or 60 gentlemen, commanded by the 
late Mr. P. A. Ganteaume, patrolled the streets during the night, meanwhile 
large numbers of the rabble had made themselves scarce. Nothing of particu- 
lar consequence occurred during the night except the pelting of the residence 
of the Stipendiary ]Magistrate, Mr. Cadiz, and the Royal Gaol by the lowest of 
the low, a few of whom, about o o'clock in the evening, had the audacity per- 
sonally to acquaint the Keeper of the Gaol that they intended coming later 
for the purpose of gi^Tng him a benefit. Mr. Hart being thus warned and as 
no troops or police had been sent to protect the establishment, assembled 
his turnkeys, to each of whom he entrusted a rifle loaded with blank cartridge, 
and after erecting a platform inside the wall fronting the street, he stationed 
them there at 6 p.m., in a manner as not to be seen from the street : after a 
patient waiting until near 8 o'clock, p.m., a body of some 20 or 30 of the fel- 
lows made their appearance and in an instance sent a shower of stones over the 
wall and into ]Mr. Hart's residence, at the same time beating against the gate 
with sticks. ]Mr. Hart being himself stationed at the window, immediately 
gave the word to the turnkeys to rise and level their rifles, and no sooner was 
this done, than the fellows took to their heels through the yard of an opposite 
neighbour, (Mr. J. B. Rafiaelli,) so quickly as to render any further steps 
unnecessary. It having been rumoured that Government House would be at- 
tacked the next day, the Governor despatched a vessel to Barbados for an in- 
crease of troops. Nothing however of any great consequence took place, the 
deluded had no doubt arrived at the conclusion that '•' discretion was the bet- 
ter part of valour." On the 3rd the troops were marched back to theii' bar- 
racks. Arrests now began to be made of such of the parties of whom there 
were proofs against, and who were all arrested. The troops arrived from 
Barbados and were quartered in the Council-room, but soon after returned 
to Barbados. The parties who had been arrested were tried and convicted^ 
although after they had undergone a certain proportion of their imprisonment 
Lord Harris pardoned them. It remains to be added that the Gaol Rules were 
passed, and very greatly approved of by those whom they was intended to be- 
nefit. After the afl^ray Lord Harris had caused to be collected all the stones 
that had been thrown into his office which he placed in a tray -^-ith the follow- 
ing good-humoured inscription : — " A Memorial from the Inhabitants." As a 
proof of the dependence to be placed in some persons, ONE of the 12 Jurymen 
who tried the parties as above mentioned, was well known to have been one of 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 143 

those wlio had advised and encouraged these deluded people to do what 
they did. Another who had also taken rather a conspicuous part at the 
meeting at the Market, called on Lord Harris to ask his pardon and forgive-^ 
ness, crying as he did so like a baby. Of course the young man was known 
to be of soft intellect and weak of mind, whilst Lord Harris with that kind- 
ness of heart and generous mind which ever distinguished all his acts, as- 
sured the " Boy" that he would think no more of it. 



NEWSPAPERS, 

The following is a list of the several Newspapers that have from time to 
time been published in the Island : — 
The Trinidad Weekly Courant. (1799.) 
The Trinidad Courant and Commercial Gazette. 
The Trinidad Gazette. 
The Port of Spain Gazette. (1825.) 
The Guardian. 
The Observer. 
The Trinidad Standard. 
The Spectator. 
The Triuidadian. 
The Examiner. 
The Free Press. 
The Trinidad Reporter. 
The Herald. 
The Palladium. 
The San Fernando Gazette. 
The San Fernando Reporter. 
The Sentinel. 
The Chronicle. 
The Colonist. 
The Star of the West. 
The Trinidad Chronicle. 
The registration of Newspapers commenced in 1834. 



144 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



NUMBEE OF TONNAGE OF VESSELS ENTERED AT THE PORTS 
OF THE COLONY OF TRINIDAD IN 1864. 



Great Britain 113 

British West Indies 342 

East Indies 2 

Gibraltar 1 

Bi-itish North America 70 

France 33 

French West Indies 23 

United States .,». 54 

Spain 19 

Spanish West Indies 11 



Vessels 



Holland 

Dutch West Indies.. 

Madeira 

Brazil 

Danish West Indies 
Swedish do. 
Italy 



•2 
1 
3 
3 
3 
5 
2 
Venezuela..... 163 



.09,757 

15,101 

2,327 

913 

9,981 

23,129 

967 

10,913 

1,967 

586 

224 

255 

252 

1,270 

376 

72 

910 

5,316 



Tons. 



850 Vessels. 



NUMBER OF TONNAGE OF VESSELS CLEARED AT THE PORTS 
OF TRINIDAD IN 1864. 

Great Britain 133 Vessels 

British North America 71 

British West Indies 334 

France 32 

French West Indies 27 

United States 29 

Hamburg- 1 

Spanish West Indies 12 

New Granada 1 

Danish West Indies 19 

Dutch do. 1 

Swedish do. 3 

Madeira 3 

Venezuela 120 

856 Vessels. 135,724 Tons. 

Total number of Tonnage of Vessels entered at Ports in the Colony of Trini- 
dad in 1864 :— 

Port of Spain 828 Vessels ... 132,289 Tons. 

San Fernando 22 „ ... 2,027 „ 



134,316 Tons 


69,613 Tons" 


9,402 


}> 


11,203 




23,655 


)> 


1,081 


»} 


5,906 


jj 


87 


}) 


3,739 




95 




4,176 


» 


80 


;} 


44 


» 


332 




8,301 


J] 



850 Vessels. 134,316 Tons. 

Total number of Tonnage of Vessels cleared at Ports in the Colony of Trini- 
dad in 1864 :— 

Port of Spain 834 Vessels ... 133,697 Tons. 

SanFernando 22 „ ... 2,027 „ 



856 Vessels. 



135,724 Tons. 



TiiE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. l4a 

liN-StRUCTIOXS FOR VESSELS COMING TO TRIXiDAD. 



To run down the Nrrili Shore from Point Galere to the Bocas. 

After passing T020 Bit, haul in for the land and run doTm the Coast about 
one mile distant from the shore ; wa ^ill find anchorage in regular soundings 
(as laid down in Captain Colamhine's Chart) all along the coast until you comQ 
abreast of the Bocas, "u-hen the water becomes very bold and no safe anchor- 
ago, except on the North side of the Island of Huevos, distance about half a 
mile. The soundings in and about the Bocas are also correctly laid down in 
Captain Columbine's Chart, with which eyery yessel should be provided. 
Should the current be running to leeward and the wind light, you should an- 
chor and wait a favourable change, to push at once through the Bocas. By 
not anchoring in such cases, yessels are frequently drifted to leeward altoge- 
ther, or so far in the ofSng, that when the current changes and a fayourable 
breeze springs up, they are unable to take advantage of them to get at once 
through the Bosas. Being so far off it takes nearly the whole day to regain 
her lost ground, and by the time they beat lip abreast of the Bccas again, the 
breeze dies away, the current sits out, and away they di'ift to leeward as be- 
fore, and are frequently baffled in this way, backwards and fcrwavds for days, 
together. To this cause is principally to bs attributed the frequent occurrence of 
vessels remaining so long outside without being able to ^et into the Gulf of Paria. 
Strangers are apt to keep out too far from the land in running down this coast. 
The currents are yery irregular outside, and about the Bocas, and much stron- 
ger during the wet season than at any other time of the year, particularly at 
the full and change. The winds prevail from the Northward during the 
months of November, December, January, and February ; from the East in 
March, April, May, and June ; calm and variable in July, August, September, 
land October, when they are generally Southerly. The most favourable time 
for entering the Bocas is about two hours after the tide begins to flow, and for ' 
going out, one hour after ebb commences. 

Vessels in want of water can be supplied at Toco, Point Sans Souci, Rio 
Grande, Petit Matelot, Rio Paria, Escuavas, Maraccas Bay, Chute d'Eau, and 
Macaripe. 



DIRECTIONS FOR ENTERING THE BOCAS, AND NAVIGATION 
OF THE GULF OF PARIA. 

Boca Geaxde. 

The current sets very strongly from the S. E. upon the Southern and East- 
ern coftfet of the Island, and is particularly rapid in the strait between the 



146 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL TIEW OS" 

Southern coast and the Continent, through which it sets into the Gulf of Pa^ 
ria ; another current sets along the Northern coast, from the Eastward in a 
W. by S. direction, and having a tendency to the Southward on the S. E. coast 
of Cumana or Paria. The effect of these currents is an accumulation of water 
which seeks an escape to the Northward from the Gulf of Paria, and which 
naturally is increased in the rainy seasons by the influx from the surrounding 
lands. 

As the water seeks its escape through the Bocas to the Northward, it meets 
the Westerly current from the North-Eastward, which so far opposes it as to 
cause perpetual agitation of the sea. It was from this circumstance that Co- 
lumbus called these passages Bocas del Drago, or Dragon's Mouth. 

Shipping bound for the Port generally run down to the Northward of the 
Island, with the advantage of wind and current, for the Boca Grande, or Dra-^ 
gon's Mouth, passing to the "Westward of the Isle of Chacachacare. This pas- 
sage is more than 5 miles broad, with a depth of not less than 50 fathoms. In 
entering, you must be very cautious not to get too far to leeward, for the cur- 
rent may be so strong as to render it impossible for you to gain the Port. It 
is therefore recommended that you haul round the Western side of Chacacha- 
care, not however within the distance of a mile, from the South- Westernmost 
land. Having passed the rock laid down on the Chart, make a long board to 
the South-East, and then, as the wind permits, to the N.E. for the road, 
wherein you may may anchor at pleasure, in 3, 4, or 5 fathoms, in good hold- 
ing ground. 

The above-mentioned rock, laid down in the Chart to the S.W. of Chaca- 
chacare, is about forty yards in circumference, and is said to have only 9 feet 
water over it on the shoalest part at low water. On the morning of the 26th 
of June, 1809, the ship Samuel, Captain Suggree, of London, drawing 17 feet 
water, struck upon it, and remained fast for several hours. While this ship 
was aground, two others passed, one on each side, without touching, although 
not 25 fathoms distant ; the water being very deep all round. The bearings, 
by compass, from the Ship were, Chacachacare, South-West Point, E. N. E. ; 
El Plato, or Goose Islsnd, S. W. by W. ^ W. ; the South-East Point of Cu» 
mana, or Paria, W. by S. The current was setting very strongly from the 
Southward, with light variable winds. 



Boca de Navtos, or Ship's Passage. 

The Boca de Navios, or Ship's Passage, is considered as the best channel for 
ships sailing outwards. It is about one mile and a half broad, and steep on 
each side. Here, as in the Boca Grande, it is proper to keep the Eastern land 
on board. To ships which may attempt this passage from the Northward, 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 147 

the wind will be favourable until within the head, but flaws from the high 
land may then be expected. 



Boca Huevos, 

Boca Huevos has been considered by many the best, shortest, and most con- 
venient passage for ships bound inwards ; but experience has proved the con- 
trary. It is known to be a very dangerous passage for large vessels. The 
high land on the Monos side causes frequent sudden flaws, succeeded by al- 
most instantaneous calms ; the current sits strong over upon the windward 
shore, drawing you at the same time into a small bay on the North-West end 
of Monos, full of sunken rocks, where the Naparima was lost. The indraft 
into this bay is very extraordinary and rapid ; so much so, as to have caused 
its being named by the fishermen " The Devil's Hole." Small vessels ac- 
quainted with this place may anchor in front of the bay, in 10 to 15 fathoms 
water ; foul bottom, but large class of vessels have not sufficient room to swing 
clear of the rocks. Vessels attempting this channel should be careful to keep 
the lee shore aboard, as less dangerous and more likely to carry a breeze 
through. This passage should never be attempted with a scant wind. 



Boca Monos, or Ape's Passage. 

This Boca is next to Trinidad ; the passage is narrow and dangerous in se- 
veral places, particularly at the outer entrance, where there is a sunken rock 
extending from the South side of the small Island in this channel, towards the 
Island of Monos, upon which are breakers, yet there is ground all the way 
through, in which vessels may anchor in 25 to 30 fathoms ; the currents are 
here strong and irregular, and the wind generally scant, coming in flaws down 
the vallies. This passage is recommended for vessels under 50 tons. 

" Ship Calypso, Wednesday, 13th December, 1826, 
" Approached the Grand Bocas at 6 o'clock, p.m., with a fair wind, but on 
entering at 8 the breeze died away, and the ship drifted back with the cur- 
rent. The calm continued till 9 next morning, when a breeze sprung up 
which enabled her to stand in till 10, when it again became calm, but the ship 
was carried through by the current. At 11 o'clock Capt. M'Arthur discover- 
ed on the starboard side a Coral Rock, which on sounding proved to have 15 
feet water over it. He then lowered the jolly boat and found the rock to be 
nearly half a mile in circumference, having only 9 feet water over it on the 
shoalest part. Captain M' Arthur, with a view that measures may be taken, 
to have a permanent mark placed over the rode, has left a buoy on the spot. 
It bore E. by N. per compass from the innermost point of the Bocas." 



148 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

PRODUCE OF TRINIDAD EXPORTED FROM 1799 to 1820:— 




THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, 



149 



PRODUCE OF TRINIDAD EXPORTED FROM 1821 TO 1865: — 



Suffar. 



1821 

1822 
182^:5 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 
1833 
1834 
1835 
1836 
1837 



Hhd. 
20,412 
20,051 
23,362 
23,362 
22,512 
25,541 
26,075 
29,605 
30,629 
19,812 
28,756 
25,912 
22,761 
26,280 
22,434 
23,956 
22,925 



1838,20,721 
1839i20,046 
1840 16,942 
1841118,031 



1842 
1843 
1844 
1845 
1846 
1847 
1848 
1849 
1850 
1851 
1852 
1853 



19,176 
22,615 
20,370 
23.900 
23,730 
27,728 
26,316 
28,080 
23,892 
28,001 
31,408 
30,555 



1854 33,930 
185528,783 
1856|31,362 
1857131,691 
1858'35,368 



1859 
1860 
1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 



38,366 
32,857 
31,593 
41,232 
37,394 
39,634 
30,837 



Tics. 

576 
714 
510 
882 
1,370 
1,358 
1,320 
1,067 
877 
480 
449 
774 
583 
1,098 
1,125 
1,367 
1,078 
1,280 
1,310 
1,290 
1,251 
1,401 
1.327 
1,628 
1,820 
1,466 
2,068 
2,331 
2,374 
2,303 
3,157 
4,058 
3,505 
4,742 
3,820 
4,375 
6,120 
5,908 
6,079 
5,173 
6,709 
7,935 
6,549 
6,738 
6,143 



Brls. 

7,999 
7,908 
7,038 
6,856 
7,890 
8,075 
7,618 
6,634 
5,184 
3,781 
5,500 
6,895 
5,165 
5,535 
4,768 
4,928 
3,622 
2,679 
3,538 
3,795 
2,713 
3,783 
4,863 
2,700 
3,538' 
2,904! 
6,068 
5,584 
6,422 
4,545 j 
7,561 
7,7741 
6,601 i 
10,116' 
5,990j 
5,353' 
5,609 1 
3,695| 
3,466 
3,052 
2,501 
3,460 
4,867 
5,383 
5,215 



Molasses. Rum Cocoa. Cofi'ee. 



Puns. 

2,730 

2,932 

6,245 

7,409 

7,896 

8,672 

9,694 

11,320 

10,686 

4,846 

8,297 

10,977 

9.964 

11,958 

9,458 

9,562 

8,842 

7,939 

7,715 

6,647 

6,772 

6,650 

9,557 

9,080 

10,185 

11,510 

11,288 

8,165 

12,932 

9,789 

10,709 

14,919 

13,162 

11,604 

6,256 

10,168 

11,811 

10,696 

12,371 

8,038 

7,580 

7,954 

8,926 

15,227 

9,324 



Tr^ 



306 
596 
163 
94 
504 
590 
592 
577 
782 
666 
596 
444 
419 
371 
439 
339 
337 
402 
300 
357 
14i) 
329 
142 
121 
193 
216 



Puus 

1,208 

761 

566 

471 

68 

353 

589 

285 

559 

258 

853 

65 

13 

59 

115 

59 

11 

130 

112 

191 

22 

123 

43 

32 

22 

2 

1,076 

1,135 

718 

272 

528 

817 

1,213 



216j3,267 
88 3,735 



141 

358 
278 



2,926 

1,038 

2,781| 
27l|2,238 
1831,446 

41812,422 



228 
187 
408 
293 



2,481 

2,547 

611 

933 



Pounds. 
1,214,093 

1,780,379 
2,424,703 
2,661,628 
2,760,603 
2,951,1:1 
3,696,144 
2,582,323 
2,756,603 
1,646,531 
1,888,852 
1,530,990 
3,090,526 
3,363,630 
2,744,643 
3,488,870 
2,507,483 
2,571,915 
2,914,068 
3,237,005 
1,122,220 
3,141,505 
2,803,295 
3,305,715 
4,021,198 
2,628,562 
3,738,376 
2,956,354 
4,728,186 
3,816,728 
5,008,920 
4,246,8^1 
4.842,875 
3,761,057 
5.427,351 
4,905,796 
4,690,166 
5,292,800 
!4,7';8,3f.O 
|4,882,230 
8,472,392 
4,319,453 
17,014,337 
5,0;»9,006 
0,611,160 



Pounds 
192,555 
347,399 

299,408 
264,637 
177,348 
321,254 
273,424 
^66,754 
199,015 
197,860 

19,994 
150.966 
276,959 
170,825 
102,707 
219.994 
194,740 
451,437 
212,982 
358,882 
144,930 
178,673 
394,583 
327,550 
168,836 
309,759 
134,026 
119,912 

28,405 
136,835 

74,416 
103,162 

61,115 

56,391 

48,036 
5,588 

22,876 
112,260 

54,180 
6,660 
5,760 

56,070 

89,3; 
7,110 

36,002 



Cot 


ton. 


Indgo 


Bales. 


Sers- 


Sers. 


268 


... 


... 


222 


... 


... 


460 


... 


..[ 


852 


... 


... 


492 


567 


... 


107 


2,811 


.., 


201 


2,368 


... 


148 


2,915 


50 


123 


1,234 


10 


50 


1,010 


7 


31 


250 


12 


40 


498 


11 


47 


817 


31 


33 


1,165 




102 


585 


59 


45 


815 




38 


1,243 


... 


370 


2,585 


6 


2 


1,785 


6 


100 


1,821 


5 


... 


1,190 


... 


... 


861 


. 


4 


2,390 


... 


1 


2,537 


1 


. 


777 


6 


2 


354 


... 


237 


41 


34. 


25 


280 


3 


729 


235 


7 


... 


98 


19 


4 


80 


8 


886 


5^3 


10 


224 


557 


1 


703 


191 


2 


81 


164 


26S 


12 


211 


4 


141 


342 


9 


56 


... 


3 


295 


"22 


9 


... 


2(5 


1 


216 


44 


... 


91 


... 


i 


7 




2 


381 


"so 




920 


.. 


"3 



The average weight of the hogshead is 20 cwt. ; tierce, 1,000 lb ; barrel, 220 lb. 
The average number of gallons of rum and molasses to the puncheon is, the 
former, 120 gallons; the latter, 110 gallons. 

The average return of sugar of the whole island is taken at 1} hhds. peracre«- 



150 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



ASPHALTUM. 

Tons. 



1839 2,271 

1849 63 

1850 645 

1856 786 

1868 3,498 

1859 3,070 

COCOANUTS. 

1864 246,667 I 1865 419,722 



Tons. 

1860 3,108 

1861 2,625 

1862 7,627 

1863 1,380 

1864 , 2.365 

1865 13,700 



Chop Sugar, Molasses and Rum, of 1865. Exported to 

tioned Ports. 


the unci 


lermen- 




Sugar. 


Molasses. 


Rum, 




Hhds. 


Trcs. 


Brls. 


Puns. 


Trcs. 


Puns. 


To London 


7433 

582 

500 

17,702 

4475 

138 


1129 

108 

23 

4108 

624 

147 

4 


893 

201 

3671 

254 

165 

31 


344 

1029 

4014 

411 

2228 
1298 


4 

165 

10 

8 
106 


815 


Bi'istoi 




J, Liverpool 




„ The Clyde 


34 


„ Cork for Orders... 

„ United States 

„ Other Ports 


84 




30,837 


6143 


5215 


9324 


293 


933 



1809... 
1810... 



Cotton - 
1,171,506 lbs. 

883,384 „ 



Exports 



Quantities of the the principal Articles imported into Great Britain from the 
Island of Trinidad, and Official Value of Imports and Exports from that 
Island, for the Years 1809 and 1810 : — 

Coffee. Sugar. Rum. 

3696 cwt. 157,866 cwt. 208,677 glls. 

2713 „ 166,627 „ 87,741 „ 

Value of Imports and Exports. 
Imports. 

1809 £328,582 £579,719 

1810 300,999 357,073 

An Account of the number of Vessels with their Tonnage and Men that 
arrived in the several Ports of the United Kingdom, from the Island of 
Island of Trinidad, between the 5th January, 1816, and 5th January, 1817, 
shewing the quantities of the principal Articles of Produce imported into 
tae United Kingdom from that Colony, as stated by the Inspector General 
of Imports and Exports : — 

Shipping 87 Vessels— 9427 Tons. 504 Men. 



Sugar, 157,731 cwt. 2 qr. & 25 lbs. 
Rum, 6247 galls. 
Molasses, 196 cwt. 1 qr. & 4 lbs. 
Coffee, 1737 cwt. 1 qr. & 21 lbs. 
Cocoa, 4616 cwt. 1 qr. & 26 lbs. 



Indigo, 4215 lbs. 

Fustic, 30 tons, 5 cwt. 2 qr. & 12 lbs. 
Mahogany, 1 cwts. 1 qr. & 9 lbs. 
Cotton, 303,045 lbs. 



l-Hte Island of TRiNiDAb. 



iM 



HETURN OF THE POPULATION OF THE ISLAND FROM 1797 

TO 1861. 















Aliens 








Whites. 


Coloured. 


Indians, 


Chinese. 


Slave?. 


and 
strangers 


Appren- 
tices. 


Total. 


1797... 


2,1-51 


4,474 


1,078 




10,000 






17,712 


1798... 


... 


... 


... 


... 




... 


... 


... 


1799... 


2,128 


4,694 


1,143 


... 


14,110 


... 


... 


21,975 


1800... 


2,359 


4,408 


1,071 




15,012 


... 


ke. 


22,850 


1801... 


2,153 


4,900 


1,212 


... 


15,964 


... 


... 


24,229 


1802... 


2,222 


5,275 


1,166 


... 


19,709 


... 


... 


28,372 


1803... 


2,423 


4 812 


1.154 


... 


20,138 


... 


... 


28,527 


1804... 


2,561 


6'l02 


1,416 


... 


20,925 


... 


... 


31,' 04 


1805... 


2,434 


5'801 


1,733 


... 


20,108 


... 


... 


80,076 


1806... 


2,274 


5^401 


1,697 


... 


21,761 


... 


... 


31,043 


1807... 


... 


'... 


... 


... 




... 


... 


... 


1808... 


2,470 


6 478 


1,6.35 


... 


21,895 


.i. 




32,478 


1809... 


2,589 


6 384 


1,647 


... 


21,475 


... 


... 


32 095 


1810... 


2,487 


6^269 


1,659 


... 


20,728 


... 


... 


31,143 


1811... 


2,617 


7'004 


1,736 




21,841 


... 


... 


33,277 


1812... 


2,765 


7'066 


1,804 


... 


21,900 


... 


... 


33,535 


1813... 


3,896 


8'102 


1,265 


... 


25,717 


... 




37,983 


18!4... 


3,127 


8'714 


1,236 


... 


25,409 


... 




38,482 


1815... 


3,219 


9'653 


1,147 


... 


24,329 


... 




38,348 


1816... 


3,512 


10 655 


1,141 


24 


25,871 


.,. 




41,203 


1817... 


3,793 


11 856 


1,157 


33 


23,828 


... 




40,667 


1818... 


3,221 


11 '337 


939 


28 


22,380 


... 


... 


37,905 


1819... 


3,716 


12'485 


850 


80 


23,691 




... 


40,772 


1820... 


3,707 


13'965 


910 


28 


22,738 


... 


... 


41,3^8 


1821... 


3,440 


13'888 


956 


23 


21,719 


.. 


... 


39,526 


1822... 


3,341 


13'392 


893 


20 


23,227 


... 


... 


40,873 


1823... 


3,386 


13 347 


872 


16 


23,110 




... 


40,731 


1824... 


2,313 


13995 


783 


12 


23,117 




... 


41,220 


1825... 


3,310 


14,988 


727 


12 


23,230 






42,262 


1826... 


3,113 


10,352 






23,123 


6/:95 


... 


42,790 


1827... 


... 


... 




... 


... 


... 


•.. 


... 


1828... 


4,326 


16,412 


*•• 


... 


22,436 


5,820 


... 


48,994 


1829:.. 


3,841 


16,180 




... 


21,847 


5,600 


... 


47,468 


1830... 


... 


... 


... 


... 


... 




... 


... 


1831 .. 


3,319 


16,285 


762 


... 


21,302 




... 


41,668 


1832... 
1fi3^ 


3,683 


16,302 




... 


20,265 


4,615 


... 


44,865 


lOOO ... 

1834... 


3,632 


18,724 


'.'.'. 


."'. 


'.*.! 


'.'.'. 


16*509 


38,945 


1835... 


... 






... 


... 




, 




1836... 




... 


571 


... 


... 




40,354 


16,7*59 


1844... 




... 






... 


... 


... 


59.815 


1851 ... 


... 




... 


... 


... 


... 


... 


68.600 


1861... 






... 






... 


... 


84.438 



15^ 



g o 



o 



£ O 
< O 

.-3 H 



2 ! 



lO 

--0 



HISTORICAL AWD STATISTICAL TIEW tif 



d o p' ^' 3 2 ^ 1^ ;:^ ^" 2. 'H- t^ a £?. 



a ii t/j ra ~ •-; -yJ 

^ - -^ |-S "^^^ 



p o 
o 



;r; 


o to * 


: 00 to C7< 

. i-» (xo i~. +^ ro o 

-J O O -T .^I o 


Men. 




-■J 


rf^ CO* 


: : to (-> to 
: : ^T CO ci 

1^ S^ Cn 05 Ci 


Women. 


^3 


:::::::: — •• 


Males. 


9 


on 

CO 




; . : : to 00 GO 

CT O Mi 


^ 


.... 


Females. 


• ••••• -,_^ '^^ 


CC 




i4^ CO C- 



• • Ci o^ cj» 

. : ro -T ^ 

'-' O C?5 



Men. 



CO Oi 00 
O --T Mi- 



Women. 



Males. 



Females. 



CT) 

oi • oo : 
LO . ro . 



Men. 



Vromsn. 



lO 

cjt : 
o : 

05 



Males. 



lO 

lo : 

CD . 



Females. 



Runaways. 



Births. 



4^ 
lO 


:: ^ :::::::: t :.' .' 

. t i4^ i t 

to 


Men. 




Ci 


Women. 






Males. 



Females. 



to 

GO -T 



lO to I+-- 

o. <-- 0:5 

to to '-' k-» !0 I-" OC' X 0< 

o oi 00 H^ Gc o o c::; CO u» 



Total Persons. 



o 
a 

> 

O 
O 

K 

I— I 
w 



filE ISLAND OF tPJ^'IDAD. 153 

laEVSNUE & EXPENDITURE OF THE COLONY FEOM 1850 to 1865. 

Hevenue. Expenditure^ 

£ £ 

1850 ........ 88,084 77,362 

1851 95,733 106,316 

1852 . 107,310 110,944 

1853 142,782 118,827 

1854 101,408 101,016 

1855 72,323 ........ 80,657 

1856 93,213 80,304 

1857 131,285 102,247 

1858 ,.. 145,391 174,022 

1859 167,385 187,016 

1860 184,861 ........ 187,220 

1861 171,729 188,841 

1862 199,372 196,058 

1863 184,377 188,981 

1864 207,473 ........ 193,156 

1865 194,087 195,991 



VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS FROM 1809 TO If 

Imports. Exports 

£ £ 

1809 328,512 ,...,... 579,719 

1810 300,990 357,073 

***** 

18')0 ........... 476,910 319,394 

1851 548,471 390,009 

1852 • 493,274 458,851 

1853 504,380 446,076 

1854 559,067 380,873 

1855 554,434 387,999 

1856 666,474 574,767 

1857 800,820 1,073,878 

1858 .. 825,969 785,863 

1859 734,902 820,606 

1860 829,304 714,603 

18C1 856,726 645,561 . 

1862 733,598 739,507 

1863 710,972 796,497 

1864 883,940 1,101,510 

1865 810,347 820,109 



154 



HISTORICAL AKD STATISTICAL VIEW OP 



GENERAL IMPORTS INTO THE COLONY OP TRINIDAD 

DURING THE YeAR ENDING 31 ST DECEMBER, 1864. 



Article 



Arrowroot 

Apples 

Books, Printed 

Bran 

Bread ... «-. 

Bricks 

Butter ... ... 

Candles, Sperm & Composition 

Do., Tallow 

Carriages, 4 Wheels . . 
Cassava 
Casks, Empty 
Cement 
Cheese 
Chocolate 
Coals in Hhds. 

Do., Loose ... 
Cocoa 
Coffee 
Cordage 
Corks 

Corn in Bushels 
Corn Meal 
Cotton, Raw 
Cottons and Linens 
Demijeans, Empty 
Earthenware and Glassware 
Fish, Dried ... 
Do., Pickled 
Flour 
Furniture 
Garlic 
Ginger 
Gloves 

Grease, Mill ... 
Guns and Pistols 
Gunpowder ... 
Haberdashery 
Hair 

Hardware 
Hav 
Hides 
Hoops, Wood... 

Do., Iron ... 
Indigo 
Jewellery 
Lard 
Leather, Mauufactiu'cd ... 



Total Quantity 
Imported, 


1 
Value in 


Sterling. 




£ 


s. 


d. 




"l07 










1 


16 







1,440 


19 





lOoBgs. & S.Pks. 


146 


7 





6,033i Brls. ... 


4,457 








825,534 


2,388 








503,843 ft). 


26.5£0 





8 


121,329 „ 


6,509 


4 


2 


259,324 „ 


7,392 


17 





32 


2,082 


10 







40 


8 


6 


1,937 


1,453 


5 







1,008 


1 





162,644 lb. 


4,588 





9 


1,375 „ 


134 


6 





6,700 Hhds. ... 


13,391 








1,758 Tons ... 


3,411 








530 It). 


10 








28,421 „ 


831 


16 







2,135 


16 







558 


12 





12,213* Bushels. 


2,239 





9 


7,009 Brls. ... 


6.758 










443 










172,603 


13 





1,031 


89 


16 







4,753 








4,831,724 ft). ... 


38,445 


4 





3,823 BrLs. ... 


4,431 


10 





53,027^ ,, 


63,652 


16 







2,241 


10 







827 


19 







15 


19 







737 


6 







814 


14 





156 


388 


11 





28,148 ft). ... 


3,082 


19 







4,812 


1 







227 


7 


4 




39,741 










300 


3 





4,378 


1,344 


10 







4,937 


2 







215 


1 







533 


9 







1,696 


15 





433,464 lb 


16,819 


10 


6 




22,648 


15 





THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



155 



General Imports into the Colony of Trinidad during the Year ending 31st 


December, 1864.— Continued. 




Articles. 


Total Quantity 
Imported. 


Value in Sterling. 






£ 


s. 


d. 


Leather, Uiimanufactured... 




48^ 


] 14 





Lime, Building 


1,159 Hhds. ... 


1,00C 


) 





Do., Temper 




571 


4 





Lumber 


5,010,923 Feet. ... 


15,491 


10 







f Asses ... 


43 


12f 








ri^ 


Hogs and Pigs 


1,071 


1,28c 








8 


Goats and Kids .. 


1,682 


801 


10 





W- 


( Horses... 


101 


2,878 








> 


Mules... 


530 


16,126 





1 


'yA 


Oxen, Cows and Calves 


4,517 


30,709 





: 




Sheep and Lambs ... 


1,289 


1,998 








Machinery 




16,433 


' 19 





Malt, in W«od 


64,948 Gallons. 


6,508 








Do., in Bottles 


37,621 Doz. ... 


;i0,060 


4 





Manure 




13,387 


16 


1 


Matches 


5,536 Gross ... 


1,359 








Meats, Salted... ... .] 


1,998,557 Jb. ... 


49,836 


16 


5 


Do., Tasso ... 


42,042 „ ... 


488 








Medicines 




4,082 


8 





Musical Instruments 




688 


5 





Nuts 




127 


8 





Oats 


81,268 Bushels. 


13,535 


2 





Oil Meal and Oil Cake ... 




17,255 


19 





Oil, Olive ... 


17,195i Galls. 


5,719 


10 







" Coal ... 




1,689 


9 







Coconut 




642 


10 







Colza ... 




6 










Engine 




191 


11 







Kerosine 




2,709 


4 





. 


Lamp ... 




95 


9 ! 





^< 


Lard ... 




194 


1 





O 


Linseed 




626 


5 







Neats-foot 




12 


14 







Paint ... 




483 


12 







Parafine 




3 


14 







Petroleum 




14 


16 







Whale... 




2,045 


19 





Onions 


550,4311b. 


1,100 


13 





Opium 


3,681 lb. 


3,530 


1" 1 





Paint 




1,858 


8 





Peas and beans 


3,879 Bushels. 


1,868 


19 





Do., Split .. 


l,696Brls.&S.pk. 


2.503 


8 





Pepper, Black 




389 


18 





Pipes, Clav ... 




537 


17 





Pitch and Tar 


392 Brls. ... 


361 








Pot. 


itoes ... ... .J 


[ 


938 


19 






156 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL TIETV OF 



General Imports into the Colony of Trinidad during the Year ending 31st 
Deoembar. 1864. — Continued. 



Articles. 


Total Quantity 
Imported. 


Value in Sterling. 








£ , s. 


d. 


Raisins and Cm-rants 


••• . . 




480 


16 


a 


Eiee 


...• 


8,248,153 lb. ... 


53,146 


4 





Rope 


... 




1,812 


12 


m 


Salt 


.0. 




529 


8 


6 


Shingles 


... . . 


1,727,700 


812 


12 





Shooks 


... 


66,795 


15.099 


8 


6 


Silks 


..► 




9.590 


19 


10 


Silver Plate ... 


... 




98 


19 





Slates 


... 


136,700 


1.119 


2 





Soap 


... 


997,134 lb. ... 


7,686 










f Alcohol 


1 












Bitters... 


... 












Brandy 


...^ 










M 


Gin ... 


..* 










'.S^ 


Liqueurs 


... 


19,9891 Gals... 


9,115 


& 


s 




Rum ... 

Shrub ... 
Spirits of Wine 
Whiskey 


••• 










Starch 






1,283 


11 





Stationery 


.„ • • 




4,882 


11 


a 


Staves 


... 


304,687 


1,614 








Straw, Manufactured 


... 




2,454 


3 


G 


Sugar, Refined 


f» ••• 


468,095 ft. ... 


10,000 


12 





Do., Muscovado 


.a. 


1,625 ,, 


12 





() 


Sundries 


... 




18,649 


6 





Tea 


... 


9,183 lb. 


895 


7 





Tiles, Paving ... 


.!. 


19,620 


195 


13 





Do., Marble 


... ••• 


2,500 


70 








Do., Galvanized 


... 




2,080 


5 


6 


6 f Manufactured and Snuff 


1,965 ft) 


234 


« 


7 


rt <{ Unmanufactured 


... 


307,165 „ ... 


12,822 


« 


8 


1 L Cigars... 


i<. 


2,529i „ ... 


1,657 


13 





Turpentine r.. 
Twine 


..• •• 


1769 Gals. ... 


846 
709 


9 
5 



9 


Vermicelli 


1 


1,487 Boxes & ) 
Sun. Pkgs. j 


1,330 


15 





Vinegar 


{ 


14 Brls. & ) 
Sun. Pkgs. j 


418 








Vitriol 


••• »• 




14 


8 



18 







Whale Fins ^ ... 
AVines, in Wood 


... 


177,531 Gals. ... 


5 
12,891 


Do., in Bottles 


..! 


1,762 Do2. ... 


2,276 


i ^l 


6 


Ya 


ms, Loose ... 


... 




693 


\ 6 






THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



i5T, 



RETURX OF IMP0RTATI0X3 FROM VENEZUELA IX OPEN BOATS 

AND LAUNCHES DURLNG THE YEAR ENDING 

31sT DECEMBER, 1864. 



Asses — — 


— 


2 


Hogs — — 


— 


950 


Brooms, Doz. — 


— 


2 


Hides — — 


— 


1,288 


Beef, Half Brls. Salted 


— 


2 


Hats, Straw, Doz. 


— 


65 


Casava, in Boxes — 


— 


4 


Indigo, Bags — 


— 


1 


Coffee, fbs. — • 


— 


185 


Morocois -r- 


~ 


139 


Cotton, Bales — 


— 


7 


^lellans — 


— 


2,708 


Cheese, lbs. — 


— 


60 


Oxen — — 


— 


120 


Cocoa, Bags — 


— 


255 


Oil, Coco-Nut, Gals. 


— 


294 


Corn, Brls. — 


— 


1,614 


Oil, ^\Tiale, Gals. 


— 


6 


Cush-Cush, Brls. -- 


— 


9 


Plantains* ~ 


—1,819,710 


Cows — — 


— 


9 


Peas, Brls. — 


— 


42 


Coco- Nuts 


— 


100,160 


Peas, Bags 


— 


216 


Divi Divi, lbs. — 


— 


960 


Pumpkins — 


— 


3,165 


Fowls, Doz. — 


■— 


2 


Paddles, Boat — 


— 


30 


Fish, Salted, lbs.— 


— 


23,462 


Sugar, Loaves — 


— 


30 


Goats — — 


— 


75 


Starch, Bales — 


— 


131 


Goglets, Doz. — 


— 


58 


Sheep — - — 


— 


65 


Honey, Gals. — 


— 


1 


Turkeys — 


— 


505 


Horses — — 


— 


5 


Tasso, lbs. — 


— 


12,980 


Hammocks — 


— 


38 


Turtle, lbs. — 


— 


1,060 


Hogs, Salted, lbs. 


— 


6,171 


Tobacco, lbs. — 


— 


122 



* The average price of Plantains during the above year was SI 50c. '^^ 
100; hence no less than $27,295 6ac. was expended in that article alone. 



158 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIE"W OP 

TRINIDAD.— FINANCIAL STATE OF THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT 

ON 31sT December, 1865. — Assets. 

Cash Balance in the Hands of the Custocles of £ 

the Dei36t Chest ... .. 55,664 

CashBalce. in the hands of the Receiver General 9,020 

Idem „ Sub-Receiver ... 1,301 

Idem „ Land&Emigr'tionCommissrs. 33 

Advances ... ... 2,265 



s. d. 


£ s. d, 


11 




18 4 




13 6 




10 




11 3 


68,285 14 11 



Ward Road Advances. — Advances to Wards for 

Roads under Ordinances No. 12 of 1851 and 

No. 17 of 1854, charged annually on the Estates 

within the several Wards, viz : 

Santa Cruz £ 65 perannura... 

South Naparima Eastern £238 9 2j id 774 4 6 

Royal Roads. — Advances to Wards for Roads 

imder Ords. No. 16 of 1849 and No. 10 of 1851, 

including interest at 4 per cent, payable from 

Ward Rates by annual instalments of £977 15 8 

for 22 years (1855 to 1876 inclusive) ...10,756 7 5 

PortofSpain Water W.— payable by annual rates ... ... 20,040 19 2^ 

Sewerage of Block No. 3. — Cost of Works in this 

Block, bearing interest at 6 per cent., the 

whole to be repaid by a rate of 2 per cent, on 

the annual value of Lands and Tenements 

within the Block ... ... 6,515 10 

Owners of Tenements in Block No. 3. — Advan- 
ces for service pipes, &c., under Ord. No. 18 

1851, in course of repaj-ment ... ... ... ... 2,095 13 4 

Sewerage Works. — Cost of materials on hand... ... ... 1,245 17 3 

Interest on Sewerage Debentures ... ... ... ,., 3,554 3 

South Naparima Western Road Union. — Ordi- 
nance No. 32 of 1859, payable by an annual 

charge on the Oropouche Ward of £10'J, for 

the redemption of Debentures ... ... 500 

Commissioners of the South Nap. Western Ward. 

—Ordinance No. 18 of 1863, payable by a Rent 

charge of£350#^' annum on estates in theWard ... 5,602 9 7| 

Commissioners of the Chaguanas Tramrood* ... ... ... 7,936 

Idem Cipero Tramroad* ... 77,018 19 9^ 

Idem Guaracara Tramroad* ... 43,248 

* [^The last three items include interest at 6 per cent, 
for the term of the Loans, and are x>ay able by a Rent 

Charge extending over 24 years.'] 
Borough Council, San Fernando. — For San Fer- 
nando Tramroad — Advanced under Ord. No. 10 

of 1864, payable by annual instalments of £600 ... ... 11,900 

J. F. Knox. — On account of White's defalcation, 

payableby instalments of £4 3 4pcrmonth ... 117 6 8 

G. K. Tucker. — Purchase of Saw Mill, payable 

by Quarterly Instalments of £31 5 ... ... 104 3 4 

William Eversley, late Postmaster General ... 903 13 4§ 

General Account— Balance against the Colony ... ... 35,066 4 1 

Colonial Treasury, Trinidad, llth February, 1866. £ 295,665 6 6 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 159 

TRINIDAD.— FINANCIAL STATE OF THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT 

ON 31sT December, 1865. — Liabilities. 

£ s. d. £ s. cL 

Deposits by the Cour I,.. . ... ...32,782 3 10 

Idem ill the Savings' Bank ... ... 10/008 6 :q 

idem in Insolvency ... ... 717 110 

Idem under Royal Order in Council ... 473 11 9 
Idem Surplus Moneys, Court of Intendant... 746 4 9 
Idem Police Reward Fund — Fines and De- 
ductions from pay of Police Force ... 2,251 18 7 
Idem Gaol Reward Fund ... ... 16 18 2 

Idem Juvenile Offenders — Ordinance No. 13 

of 1857 ... ... ... 9 15 

Idem Court of Intendunt ... ... 1,632 2 2| 

Idem Charles Dean, a Lunatic... ... 49 10 2 

Idem Wharf Imj)rovement — Ord. No. 24 of 

1864 ... ..._ ... ... 1,969 10 0| 

Idem "Wharf Extension — Ordinance No. 22 

of 1858 and No. 22 of 1861 ... ... 217 7 9 

Idem Colonial Hospital Reward Fund ... 8 1 If 

Idem Estates of Deceased Persons ... 791 9 3 

Idem Crown Agents for the Colonies ... 229 6 8 

Idem Return Coolies per "British Trident" 

repayable to them at Calcutta... ... 9,664 7 8| 

Idem 'Borough Council, San Fernando ... 334 11 9^61,902 6 11|. 

Sewerage Debentures — Ordinance No. 16 of 

1854 and No. 17 of 1859 ... 7,500 

South Naparima Western Ward Debentures — 

Ordinance No. 18 of 1863 ... ... 6,550 

South Naparima Western Road Union Deben- 
tures—Ordinance No. 32 of 1859 545 

Tramroad Debentures— Ord. No. 4 of 1856— 
One twentieth part of Amount issued re- 
deemable annually ... .,. 68,400 

Public Buildings Debentures — Ordinance No. 1 
of 1862 — £1,600 redeemable annually 
from the General Revenue of the Colony — 
a lien on the General Revenue ... ... ... 12,800 

Interest on Tramroad Debentures ... ... 54,254 1| 

San Fernando Tramroad Debentures — Ord. No. 
10 of 1864— £600 redeemable annually, 
commencing on the 31st March, 1867 ... 11,400 

Guaranteed Loan — £125,000, less sums invested 

for Sinking Fund— £65,759 1 3 ... 59,240 18 9 

Bonds held by the Bank of England — Redeem- 
able in 1868 ... ... ... 10,000 

Idem in 1869 ... ... ... 3,073 8 13,073 8 



H. A. FITT, Acting Receiver-GeneraL £ 295,665 6 6 



l60 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

EXPENDITURE OF EACH DEPARTMENT AND ESTABLISHMENT 

rOfl THE YEAR 1865. 

the Governor ... ... .. £3,500 

The Private Secretary ... ... 300 

Colonial Secretary's Department 

Receiver-General's Department 

Agent-General Immigrants' Department ... 

Auditor-General's Department 

Commissioner of Assessed Taxes Department 

Keeper of Maps and Surveys Department... 

Registrar- General's Department 

Harbour Master's Department 

Superintendent of Public Works Department 

Post-office Department ... ... * 

Botanic Garden Department ... 

Agent in London Department ... 

Chief Justice's Department 

Registrar of the Courts Department 

Attorney-General's Department 

Solicitor-General's Department .*. 

The Marshal's Department 

Commissioner Petty Civil Court Department 

Crown Solicitor's Department... 

Stipendiary Justices and Clerks' Department 

Church of England Establishment 

Roman Catholic Church Establishment 

Education Establishment 

Medical Establishment 

Colonial Hospital Department... 

San Fernando Hospital Department 

L«per Asylum Department 

Lunatic Asylum l)epartment ... 

Police Department — Salaries, Clothing, &c. 

Gaol Department — Salaries, Provisions, &c. 

Rent 

Transport ... *.. 

Conveyance of Mails and Postage ... 

Works and Buildings ... 

Roads, Streets, and Bridges 

Miscellaneous Services ... 

Interest 

Immigration, exclusive of Establishment ... 

Drawbacks and Refund of Duties 

Refund of Income Tax ... ... 

Irois Forest 

Wash-house and Bath-house 

Sewerage of Port of Spain ... 

Port of Spain Water Works ... . 

Guaranteed Loan of £125,000 (sinking fund) 
Bonds (le aymcnt to Bank of England) ... 
Interest on Tramroad Debenturea 

Carried forward 



£ 


s. 


d. 


3,800 








2,620 








. 7,602 


10 





1,880 








. 1,000 








950 








375 








890 








. 1,185 


8 


4 


990 








700 








700 








105 








3,940 








1,030 








1,100 








200 








350 








425 








300 








4,612 


10 





5,675 








5,230 








4,700 








645 


16 


8 


5,215 








8,420 





a 


1,960 








1,925 








13,949 








5,825 








1,487 


10 





50 








7,700 








7,720 








3.100 








1,785 








8,101 








47,240 








5,000 








40 








"200" 


"0 





3,000 








650 








6,394 


2 





3,000 








3,948 








£182,715 17 






TEE ISLAND OF TEINIDAD. 



161 



Expenditure for each Department and Estabiisliment for 1865.— Continued. 



Brought forward .. 
Tramroad Debentures ... 
Interest on Sewerage Debentures 
Sewerage Debentures, redemption of 
South Naparima Western Road Union Debentures 
South Naparima Western Ward Debentures 
Public Buildings Debentures, Ordinance No. 1, 1862 
Pensions, Retired Allowances, and Gratuities 
Revenue Service 
Administration of Justice 



REVENUE FOR 1863. 

Customs 

Tonnage 

Wharfage 

Wharehouse dues 

Seizures, Penalties, &c.... 

Rum Duty 

Export Duty 

Fees on Indentures of 1,270 Coolies at £2 

Re-Indentures on 5,508 Coolies 

Sales of Crowm Land ... 

Quit and Ground Rents 

Retail of Spirits, Beer, &c , Port of Spain, and San Fernando 

Taxes on Profits, Offices, Property, and Trades 

Postage 

Fines, Forfeitures, and Fees of Courts 

Keeper of Majjs and Surveys, Registrar General, and Colonial 

Secretary 
Sale of Government Property 
From Colonial Hospital, Port of Spain ... 

5> >, San Fernando 

„ Leper Asylum 

„ Keeper Royal Gaol 

„ Queen's Collegiate School 

„ Model and Female „ 
Gunpowder Dues 

Contribution from Wards for Police 
Miscellaneous Receipts... 
Interests 
Legacy Duty 
Irois Forest 

Wash-house and Bath-house 
Port of Spain Water Works— Water Rates 
" J, Service Pipes 

» j> Water supplied Shipping 

Carried Forward 



£ 


s. 


d- 


... 182,715 


17 





3,965 








540 








1,500 








100 








350 








... 1,600 








2,148 


6 


8 


50 








1,050 








£194,019 


3 


8 


£ 


s. 


d. 


... 66,735 


16 


5 


... 6,100 





9 


277 


11 


1 


1,153 


19 


9 


457 


6 


2 


... 38,381 


13 


4 


5,070 








... 17,177 


15 


4 


... 


.. 


... 


219 


8 


6 


135 





3 


ndo 3,511 


18 


4 


6,540 


11 


5 


2,647 


11 


9 


3,902 
iinl 


5 


8 


977 


5 


10 


197 


18 


3 


1,650 


16 


3 


1,413 


4 


11 


223 


10 





1,001 


18 





673 


8 


4 


77 


2 


1 


94 








2,226 


13 


6 


361 


4 


9 


1,468 


9 





540 


1 ] 


LO 


1,506 


16 


8 


222 


5 


6 


1,817 ] 


LI 


7 


142 ] 


10 


6 


110 





G 


...£167,146 


6 


3 



162 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



Revenue for 1863. — Continued. 
Brought Forward ... 
Contribution from Wards for Royal Roads 
Instalment from Borough Council 
Tacarigua Road Union, Instalment 
St. Ann's Road Union, for St. Juan's Bridge 
Cipero Tramroad — Rent Charge 
Chaguanas „ „ 

Guaracara ,, ,, 

South Naparima — West Road Union 

„ Western Ward 

Sewerage Rates 

,, Service Pipes 

Ward Road Advances— St. Cruz 

J, „ South Naparima, East Ward 



SEWERAGE WORKS. 



£167,146 6 


3 


977 13 


9 


600 





733 6 


8 


366 13 


4 


4,523 7 


1 


448 





1,088 





300 






293 12 6 



£176,476 19 7 



Dr. 



In Account with the Colonial Government. 



Cr. 



1862 ToAmt.expended£l,913 


8 lOi 


1862 By recvd. for Pipes £ 13 17 5 


1863 „ ditto 4,033 


14 8i 


„ „ „ 2 2 


1864 „ ditto 3,280 


10 6| 


„ Amt. chargeable 


„ Material & Wa- 




to tenements in 


ges erroneously- 




Block on No. 3. 2,278 17 8 


charged to Wa- 




„ Pipes sold ... 1 10 


ter Works ... 668 


18 5| 


„ Amt. expended 


1865 Expended in 




in Block No. 3. 6,515 10 9 


Jany. £306 19 6 J 




„ Blnce. being ma- 


Feby. 179 13 4i 




terials on hand 


March 42 17 6"' 




available for the 


April 5 4 2 525 


14 7 


next District .. 1,510 19 3 


£10,322 


7 2 


£10,322 7 2 


To balance of Ma- 




HY. A. FITT, 


terials on hand... 1,510 


19 3 


Acting Receiver General. 


OWNERS OF lENEMENTS IN 


SEWERAGE of BLOCK No. 3.— 


BLOCK No. 3 — 






To COLONIAL GOVERNMENT Dr. 


To COLONIAL GOVERNNENT Dr. 


1865 




1865 


May 1st To Amt. expended 




May 1st To Amt. expended 


on 255 tenements 




on Works £6,515 10 


in said Block in 






respect of Se- 




Chargeable with Interest from the 


werage £2,278 17 8 


above date at 6 per cent, per annum, 


Payable with Interest at 6 per cent. 


and payable by a rate of 2 per cent. 


per annum by 4 equal instalments. — 


on the annual rental.— Ordinance 20, 


Ordinance 20, of 1658, 13th Section. 


of 1858, Section 15. 


Recoverable from Owners 


under 




Section 12. 






HY. A. FITT, 




HY. A. FITT, 


Acting Receiver General. 


Acting Receiver General. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



163 



TRINIDAD GUARANTEED LOAN TO JANUARY, 1865. 



Copt.— Trinidad— No. 121. Downing Street, 28th January, 1865 

Sir, — I have to communicate to you for your information the annexed copy 
of letter (25th Janua.iy, 1865) from the Board of Treasury forwarding an 
account of the Investments for the Sinking- Fund of the Guaranteed Loan to 
Trinidad in continuation of previous accounts. I have, &c., 

(Signed) Edward Card well. 

Governor Manners-Sutton. 

Copy. Mr. Peel to Sir F. Rogers. 

Treasury Chambers, 25th January 1865. 
Sir, — I am desired by the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury 
to transmit herewith for the information of Mr. Secretary Card well, copy of 
an account of the Investments for the Sinking Fund of the Guaranteed Loan 
to Trinidad for the year 1864, in continuation of previous accounts, and I am 
to request that you will move Mr. Cardwell to communicate the same to the 
Governor and Council of that Colony. 

I am, &c., 

(Sd.) F. Peel. 

Sir F. Rogers, Bart. 

Copy. — Trinidad Guarateed Loan under the Act 11 and 12, Victoria, Cap, 130- 

Sinking Fund Account. 

Investments in Reduced £3 per cent, annuities in the names of 

George Alexander Hamilton, Morgan Hugh Foster, 

Penrose Goodchild Julyan. 



Date. 



4.th May, 1864 ... 
June, 1864 ... 



8th Novr. 1865... 
Jany. 1865 ... 



Remittances, Dividends, &c. 



Brought forward... 

Dividend due 5th April, 1864, on£47,016 10 

Remitted Amount due at increased rate of 

£6,394 2s. Od., J year to 30th June ... 



Dividend due to Octr. on £51,371 3s. lOd, 

Remitted Amount due at £6,394 2s. Od, 

per annum | year to 31st Dec, 1864... 



£ 43,766 11 7 
684 13 7 

3,197 I 



£ 47,648 6 2 
751 6 2 

3,197 1 



£ 51,596 13 4 



Date. 



10th May, 1864.. 
30th June, 1864.. 



10th Novr. 1865.. 
3rd Jany. 1865.., 



Investments. 



Brgt. forward 

By Agents... 

Do. ... 



By Agents.. 
Do. .. 





Commis- 


Price 


sion, 


£ s. d. 




58 15 3 


88i 


19 4 


89i 


4 9 6 




64 4 1 


88-^ 


1 1 3 


88| 


4 9 11 




69 15 3 



Amnt. applied 

to purchase of 

Stock. 



£ s. d. 

43,707 16 4 

683 14 3 

3,192 11 6 



Stock 
puixhased. 



£ s. (1 

47,016 10 

772 11 2 

3,582 2 8 



47,584 2 1 

750 4 11 

3,192 11 1 



o» 

Treasury Chamber, 24th January, 1865. 



51,526 18 1.55,817 7 6 



51,371 3 10 

848 18 8 
3,597 5 



164 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



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GO I-' 05 C» 


: tb 


1— 1 

s 

o 
ir. 

o 
re 
re 


GO 

o 


h-l (— « 

00 .^0 -J « 

Ci O CO ■••••;•;;; ; 


. CO 

• 

: p 


to 

CO 

lO 


JO to JO JO to J^ J^ J-" I^ i^ i^ : 

"cD ~fO ^0 "Ci "bo Oi Tj^ ^T O To Ct! k!^ • 
O 'O O-' c. cr. O GO CO CD GO CO CO 
k4^0t— '1— »Cii— 'l4--OCDCiCi>— '^ 

C5 CD O O Oi to to to i-» >— C5 — 


: ?+-. 


o: 


CD o o c:^ cn: GO >— CD CD o iS^ c< : 


\ p 





THE ISLAND OF TKINIDAD. 



165 



RETURN OF MARRIAGES FOR THE YEAR 1865. 
Church of England. 



Parislies — Holy Trinity . 
St. Michael . 
St. Mary 
St. Jude 
St. John 
St. Thomas 
St. Andrew 
St. Philip 
St. Paul 
St. Clement . 
St. Peter 
St. Luke 
St. Stephen . • 
Christ Church . 
St. Matthew . 



1 



. . )*County of St;. George. 

;:j ;;; .; 

.. j ... .. 

. . > County of Caroni 

::-! ::: ;: 
.. I ... 

. . )>- Victoria County 



J 



:.) 



County of St. Patrick 



Roman Catholic Church. 



Port of Spain ... 

New Town 

St. Anne 

Maraval 

Diego Martin ... 

Carenage 

St. Juan 

Santa Cruz 

St. Joseph 

Arouca 

Arima 

Toco 

Chaguanas 

Couva 

Point a-Pierre. . 

San Fernando. . 

Savanna Grande 

Oropouche 

La Brea 

Cedros 

Erin 

Mayaro 



•1 



... )>Countv of St. George. > 



...J 

... County of St. David. , 

... > County of Caroni 



Victoria County 



County of St. Patrick.. 



.••) 



Port of Spain . . . 

Diego Martin... 

Couva 

San Fernando... 



County of JMayaro 
Wesleyan Society. 

... ) County of St. George, 

... County of Caroni 
... Victoria County 
Presbyterian Cjiurch. 

Port of Spain .. ... ) County of St. George. 

Arouca ... ... j 

San Fernando... ... Victoria County 

Baptist Missionary Society. 

Port of Spain.. ... County of St. Georj?e... 

North Naparima ... | Victoria County 

Savanna Grande 



::} 



■6o 
2 



67 
G 
1 
9 
6 

10 
6 
2 

25 
G 

10 

i 

8 
G 
12 
6 
2 

2 

5 

2 

5 

2 
1 

2 

9 
1 



—73 



—192 



lO 



—13 



6 



Grand total— 29-1 



166 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



RETURN OF BIRTHS, DEATHS and MARRIAGES, in the under- 
mentioned Counties, for the Year 1865. 



Names of Comities. 


Births. 


Deaths. 


Marriage?. 


County of St. George 


1648 


1416 


210 


Victoria Comitv ... 


.. 


732 


539 


49 


County of Car on i 


.. 


290 


277 


26 


... St. Patrick 


... 


187 


132 


7 


St. David 




25 


11 





St. Andrew 


.. 


27 


28 





Nariva 


.. 


7 


11 





Mayaro 





39 


34 


2 


Total 


2955 


2448 


294 



I. BASANTA, Actg. Regr. Genl. 

PROFESSIONAL AND OTHER GENTLEMEN NATIVES OF 
TRINIDAD. 



The Right Honourable Thos. M. Gibson, President of the Board of Trade. 

The Honourable Geo. Canning Harris. 

W. G. Knox, Chief Justice, Trinidad. 

Geo. Garcia, Solicitor General, Trinidad. 

Daniel Basanta, Vice-Consul, Ponce, Puerto Rico. 

Capt. W. W. Johnston, 1st W. I. Regt. 

Lieut. A. Warner, 41st Regt. Foot. 

Lieut. Gomez, 40th Regt. Foot. 

Lieut. De Lapeyrouse, French Navy. 

Midshipman Johnston, British Navy. 

M. M. Philip, Barrister, Trinidad. 



P. Gomez, 


do. 


do. 


A. "VV. Anderson 


,do. 


do. 


A. Fitzjames, 


do. 


do. 


T. Court, 


do. 


Paris. 


H. Court, 


do. 


Trinidad. 


H. J. Pantin, 


do. 


do. • 


T. "W. Fuller, 


do. 


do. 


W. H. A. Hart, 


do. 


England. 


C. F. Cadiz, 


do. 


Tobago. 


R. Agostini, 


do. 


Venezuela. 


J. S. Agostini, 


do. 


Trinidad. 



L. W. Samuel, Civil Engineer, Italy. 
Alex. Anderson, do. Hong Kong. 

John Carr, Chief Justice, Sierra Leone, 
Monseigneur J. V. Farfan, R. C. Priest. 
Rev. C. Hobson, do. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 167 

Rev. W. W. Mills, M.A., Church of England. 

„ T. St. Hill, do. 

„ C. Newbold, do. 

„ Louis Taitt, do. 

„ M. Cleaver, Wesleyan. 
Thos. Anderson, M.D., Trinidad. 
Thos. Murray, M.D., do. 
J. Court, M.D., Paris. 
L. Saturnin, M.D., Trinidad. 

J. Espinet, M.R.S.E., do. 

L. A. A. de Verteuil, M.D., do. 
A. Leotaud, M.D., do. 

H. Mitchell, M.D., do.. 

R. Johnston, M.D., do. 

J. Cockerton, M.D., England. 

J. V. Boissiere, M.D., Trinidad. 

E. N. Tardy, M.D., do. 

M. Anderson, M.D., England. 

L. E. Dumaine, M.R.C.S.E., Trinidad. 
P. C. Bertete, M.D., do. 

J. Percy, M.R.C.S.E., do. 
T. Murray, jr., M.R.C.S.E., do. 

The following were also Creoles of Trinidad : — 

The late Captain Charles Anderson, of the 31st Regt., killed at the taking 
of Sebastopol. Captain DeLaureal, of the Zouaves, killed at the Alma. Captain 
Thomas McKenzie Hislop and Lieut. William Hislop, both of the Bengal Ar- 
my, and sons of the late Major-General Sir Thomas Hislop, who was Governor 
of Trinidad from 1803 to 1810. The former died in England in 1833, the latter 
at Kotah, in 1829. Captain D'Heureux, of the French Navy. Lieut. Jean Fi- 
delle Giuseppi, of the British Navy. Ensign Shirley A. Warner, East India 
Army. Captain Mazelie, of the French Army. Geo. Anderson, Dep. Com- 
missary-General, who died in Canada. The Rev. Richard Warner, and Henry 
Warner, Barrister-at-Law, sons of the late Chief Justice Ashton Warner ; the 
former died at Tobago, the latter at Jamaica. Benjamin Anderson, M.D., who 
died at Montserrat. Joseph Basanta, Surveyor-General, died in Trinidad. 
Sydney Smith, Barrister-at-Law, died in Trinidad. Martin Sorzano, Lieut.- 
Col. Militia Forces, Aide-de-Camp to Governor Woodford, and Commissary of 
Population. J. B. Bernard, M.D., died in London. Geo. Van Buren, late 
Attorney-General of Grenada where he died. Lieut. Frederick Schack, of the 
Royal Artillery. Nor can it be omitted in this short memoir of the sons of 
Trinidad to mention two names that must ever be dear to every coloured 
inhabitant, and more especially to those who are natives of the island — 
those of Dr. John Baptiste Philip and Dr. Cognet, The former was the author 



IBS HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

of a work entitled the *' Free Mulattoe," a work only written and giving a 

forcible picture of the things that Y>'ere. 

" With Persecution amend, the sacred code 
Of Law he dashes thoughtless to the ground." 

Doctor Philip on his arrival from England, found his coloured brethren la- 
bouring under certain disabilities which were also cemented by prejudice ; he 
accordingly at onco formed a Committee composed of the most respectable co- 
loured inhabitants and proprietors in the Island, for the purpose of watching 
over the interest of their class, and also for the purpose of laying their griev- 
ances at the foot of the Throne. The Committee consisted of Dr. Cognet, De- 
sire Fabien, J. W. Hobson, C. Eousseau, J. C Forget, J. Edwards and himself, 
all men of superior abilities and of the most respectable standing. Several 
communications passed between the Governor of the Island and the Commit- 
tee ; and ultimately a Petition was drawn to the Throne, soliciting equal 
rights and privileges with the white inhabitants — privileges which had all 
along been refused them. Drs. Philip and Cognet were appointed Delegates 
to proceed to England with the Petition. The Delegates arrived in England 
and after many months consideration, the prayer was granted. Dr. Cognet 
however did not live to see the consumation of the measure. Thus ought the 
name of '* John Baptiste Philip" to be ever remembered by his class with 
feelings of unbounded gratitude. 

His very name a little page, and next, 

His life a commentary on the text. — Woodbridge. 

The late Dr. St. Luce Philip was brother to the author of the " Free Mu- 
lattoe," his talents however fell greatly short of his brother, John Baptiste, 
who was a strong defender of the rights and privileges of his colour, and was 
unflinching in his independence of mind and character. He was not to be 
bought by high sounding titles, or to be led away by sophistry. Dr. St. Luce 
Philip was appointed a Member of the Legislative Council in 1838, but resign- 
ed a short time previous to his death. Latterly, there has been something 
said of erecting a suitable Memorial to the memory of Dr. John Baptiste Phi- 
lip. 



OIL PAINTINGS IN THE TOWN HALL. 

The Tovvni Hall is honoured with five oil paintings — being the pictures of 
five of the early Governors of Trinidad — Sir Abercrombie, who captured the 
Island in 1767. Sir Thomas Picton, Lieut.-Colonel of the 56thliegt , and who 
was the first British Governor from 1801 to 1803. Brigadier-General Sir 
Thomas Ilislop, from 1803 to 1810. Sir Ralph James Woodford, Bart., from 
1813 to 1828. Lieut.-Colonel A. W. Young, 1st W. I. liegt., who, during the 
alienee of Sir R. J. Woodford, administered the Government from 1821 to 
1823. 



THE ISLAND OF TPJNIDAD. 169 

These paintings, except that of Lieut.-Col. Young, were executed by the first 
artists in England. The likenesses are said to be extremely striking, particu- 
larly that of Sir R. J. Woodford, which iri a full length drawing, the others 
are merely the busts. It is \ery much to be regretted that the Governors who 
followed Sir R. J. Woodford had not also had their likenesses taken and pre- 
sented to the Colony. 

" E-ise to transports part expressing, 
Sweeter by remembrance made." 

In the hall of the Legislative Council stands a marble statue of that ever- 
good and esteemed, once Governor of Trinidad, Lord Harris, a Peer of the 
Realm, a true English Gentleman, whose charities were unbounded, whose 
heart was ever filled with kindness ; mild, amiable, kind-hearted, sociable and 
hospitable ; a man who delighted in seeing every one happy, and himself doing 
all in his power to make them so, at the same time maintaining the dignity 
due to his exalted station without pride or ostentation. In his official capaci- 
ty he was open, energetic, firm and undaunted in all his undertakings, of 
whom let it ever be said, 

" As welcome as sunshine 
In every place, 
Is the beaming approach 
Of a good natured face. 



As genial as sunshine. 
Like warmth to impart, 

Is a good-natured word 

From a good-natured heart." 



THE FAIR SEX OF TRINIDAD. 

These must be divided into two bodies : the native English Creoles, and the 
native Creoles of Foreign extraction. The former, or English Creoles, form a 
small, while thelatterconstitutealargemajorityoftheladiesof Trinidad. Many 
of them have had the benefit of an European education, and those that have 
not (owing to the means of their parents not permitting the same), have, how- 
ever, been carefully educated at the Convent in the Island, and at a school 
kept by a most respectable English widow, a lady of very superior acquire- 
ments. At both establishments, and as far as means would afibrd, every 
attention has been given, and their superior training reflects the very highest 
credit on the ladies of the Convent as also on the widow lady of the English 
school. The Creole ladies of Trinidad, as a body, are from five feet to five 
feet four inches in height, the most of them very fair, others very handsome 
brunettes j all with the finest eyes of any women in the world, large, languish- 



170 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

ing and expressive, sometimes beaming with animation, and sometimes melt- 
ing with tenderness, a sure index to that native goodness of heart and gentle- 
ness of disposition for which they are eminently and deservedly applauded ; 
beautiful black glossy hair, small feet — well made, — beautifully white teeth, 
and with exquisite beauty added. In one word, " There is grace in their 
steps, a heaven in their eyes, in every gesture dignity and love." 

" Old as I am, for ladies' love unfit, 
The power of beauty I remember yet." 

They are extremely affable, courteous, and lady-like ; excellent musicians, 
singers, and as dancers they cannot be surpassed. In conversation their well- 
informed minds are quickly perceptible ; indeed, their early display of mental 
powers and rapid advance in knowledge, are exceedingly extensive. They 
are free from unbecoming and proud propensities or foolish airs, at the same 
time maintaining a pride which is necessary, but it is a pride allied to no 
meanness. Instructed from their infancy to entertain a high opinion of their 
own consequence, they are cautious of doing an act which may lessen their 
consciousness of their proper dignity ; from the same cause they scorn every 
species of concealment. They have a frankness of disposition beyond any 
people on earth. Their confidence is unlimited and entire. Superior to false- 
hood themsleves, they suspect it not in others, and ever evincing those easy 
manners which designate the perfect lady. To their credit be it said, (and 
which require to be recorded in letters of gold.) they make excellent and most 
affectionate wives, and tender, kind and affectionate mothers; perhaps the 
latter is even carried to too great an extent, as frequently by sparing the rod 
they spoil the child. 

°^ V/ords cannot paint thee gentlest cynosure 

Of all things lovely, in that lovliest form ; 
Souls wear the garb of woman ! broWs as pure 

As Memphian skies that never knew a storm ; 
Lips with such sweetness in their honied deeps, 
As fills the rose in which a fairy sleeps." 



RELIGION. 



The Religion of the Church of Rome is the principal religion of four-fifths 
of the population of the Island, and the first established, from the fact of Trini- 
dad having been settled by the Spaniards, whose creed must, therefore, be consi- 
dered as THE Religion of the Island. The banns of marriage and other cere- 
monies to be performed by the Church, are published in French, although the 
Island appertains to Great Britain, and it is the only British West India Island 
that pays the Clergy a fixed salaiy. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 171 

The first arrival of a clergyman of the Church of England, as Chaplain to 
H.M. Forces, took place in 1801. The Rev. Mr. Clapham, who, in 1802, was 
collated as Rector of Port-of-Spain ; and in 1823 the present Venerahle Arch- 
deacon George Cummins joined Mr. Clapham. The first person that was bap- 
tized as a Protestant was a daughter Mrs. and William Balfour, Lt.-Colouel 
57th Regiment, v/hich took place in June, 1801. The first marriage of per- 
sons appertaining to the Church of England was that of William Whitmore, 
Assistant Commissary-General, to Eliza Tiuling, on the 9th July, 1801. 

The Wesleyans next followed, a congregation being formed in 1810, by the 
Rev. Mr. Talboys. They occupied a small building in Charlotte Street (the 
spot upon which is now built the residence of Eloi Martin, Esq.,) as a Chapel. 
The Rev. Mr. Adams succeeded Mr. Talboys. The society gradually began to 
be formed on a firm basis. 

The Presbyterians were next in forming a congregation, although their 
numbers were small. Their first establishment was in Cambridge Street, the 
building occupied being opened as their place of worship on the 25th Sep- 
tember, 1836. This society has continued to increase, and by the united 
endeavours of those that appertain to it, a very neat Chapel has been built on 
the eastern side of Brunswick Square, which was opened for service on the 
21st January, 1838. 

The Baptists next followed ; but few in number, they however, being united 
in purpose, built a very neat Chapel in Hanover Street, at a cost of $5,000, 
which was opened for service on the 14th March, 1854. 

The Portuguese who had in their native Country, Madeira, seceded from 
the Church of Rome, being increased in number, formed an Establishment 
(Presbyterian) of their own in 1850, and have latterly succeeded in building 
a Chapel on the St. Ann's Road, where service is performed by their Clergy- 
man, the Reverend Mr. Reveira. 



GOVERNORS OF THE COLONY DURING THE SPANISH GO\ERN- 
MENT AND SINCE THE ISLAND HAS APPERTAINED 
TO GREAT BRITAIN. 

Spanish Government. 



11 Oct. 1735. Lieut.-Col. E. S. de Lina 

y Vera. 
4th Dec. 1745, Don F. de La Monleras. 
19lh June, 1746, „ J. J. Salcedo. 

1752, „ F. Mandares. 

1767, „ P. de La Moueda. 

1760, „ J. San Juan. 



1762, Don J. A. Gil, Knight. 

1765, ,, J. de Bruno. 

1766, ,, J. de Flores. 
1773, ,. J de Dios Valdez. 

30th Nov. 1776, „ M. Falquez. 

2 st Aug. 1779, ,, M. de Salavaria. 

Isc Sept, 1783, „ J. M. de Chacon. 



172 historia\l and statistical view of 

British Goteenoes and AdilInistrators of the Goterex:ment. 



Harvey, . "j 

d1. Fuller-ton, I 

t.-Col. Thos. PictoD. J 



Cominis- 
sioDers. 



1797, Sir R. Abercrombie. 

1798, J, 
Col, 
Lt. 

1st June, 1801, Col. Sir F. Ficton, 6Gth 

Eeo-t. 
20th June, 1803, Col. Fullerton. 
20ih July, 1803, Brigadier- General Sir 

T. Hislop. 
9tli January, 1810, Lieut.-Col. Tolly, 1st 

West India Eegt. (actius;). 
25ili Apiil, 1811. Col. Miunoe. 
14th June, :813, Sir R. J. 'Woodforcl, Bt. 
21st April, 1821, Lt.-Col. A. \Y. Young, 

1st W. I. Resiment (actino). 
18th Feb. ] 823 r Sir R. J. Woodford. 
1st April, 1828, Major Capadose, 1st W, 

India Reo-iment (actine), 
18th Apr!l,"l328, Sir C. F. Smith, Eoyal 

Enaineers (actina-). 
2Gth July, 1828, Col. Farquharson (act- 
ing). 
10th March, 1829, Major-General Sir 

Le^vis Grant. 
20th Nor. 1829, Lt.-Col. Doherty, 1st 

W. I. Regt. (acting), 
loth February, 1830, Major-General Sir 

L. Grant. 
15th May, 1830, Lt.-Col. Doherty, 1st 

W. I. Regiment (acting). 
8rd June, 1830, Lt.-Col. Sir C. F. Smith, 

(acting) . 
5th Dec, 1831, Major-General Sir L. 

Grant. 
9th Juno, 1833, Sir G- F. Hill Bart., 

Lieut. -Governor. 
8th March, 1839, Lt.-Col. 

Regiment (acting). 
24th March, 1839, Col. Sir E 

sow Governor-General. 
28th March, 1839, Lt.-Col. 

Rcaiment (acting). 
13th April, 1840, Col. Sir FI. MacLeod 
Governor. 



Meiu, 74th 
M. Mc3re- 
Mein, 74th 



21st Nov. 1840, Majcr Barlow, 24th Ee- 

ment (actins), 
14th Dec. 1840, Major Tyler, Deputy 

Quartermaster-General (acting) . 
25th Sep, 1841, Lt.-Ccl. Sir C. Chiches- 
I ter. 81st Reaiment (acting). 
i 9th Mav. 1842. Col H. MacLeotl. 
29th June, 1842, Major F. Fuller, (acL- 

ino-). 
8th Aug. 1852, Lt.-Col. Sir C. Chiches- 
ter, (actine). 
3rd Mav, 1813, Col. Sir H. MacLeod. 
8th Feb. 1845, Lieut.-Colonel E. C. Ar- 
cher, 

Dep. Quartermaster-General (aciinji). 
2nd Julv, 18^5, Col, Sir H. MacLeod 
21i^t April, 1846, Lt.-Col. Brown, 34th 

Regiment (acting). 
22th April, 1840, Lord Harris, 
12ihJune, 1651, Lt.-Col. Ward, Eoyal 

Ei:gineers (actina). 
nth Feb, 1853, Major Halliday, 36th 

Reaiment (actina). 
25th Feb. 1853, Lord Harris. 
26th Jan. 1854, Major L. Bourchier, GOth 

Eca:iraeut (actina). 
10th March, 18547 Sir Charles Elliott, 

K.C.B., Governor. 
27th Oct. 1856, Lieut.-Col. Brooks, 67th 

Eegt. (acting). 
26lh Jan, 1857, Eobert William Keate. 

Governor. 
7th Aprils 1860, J. Walker, C.B., Lieut, 

Governor. 
25th March, 1861, Major Holwcrlhy, 
I 14ih Reat. (acting). 
' Mav, 1860, R. W. Kcatc. 
I 25th July, 1804, Major Thompson, Gth 
j Eeat. Ad. Government. 
! 6th Sept. 1864, Hon. J. H. T. Mai^ners- 
i Sutton, Governor. 
j 24th April, 1866, E. E. Eushworth, Lt.- 
I Governor. 



Constitution. 



The Government is administered by a Governor, and an Executive Council 
of three Members. There is also a Legislative Cortncil, including the Gover- 
nor, v^'ho is President, six official and eight unofficial memherSj all of vrhom are 
nominated by the Crown. 

There is no Representative Assembly. 



THE ISLAND OF TPJXIDAD. 

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. 



The Governor, President. 

Tlie Senior OiBeer Comrrianding Her Majesty's Forces. 

The Colonial Secretary. The Attorney -General. 

LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. 
The Governor. 



W. G. Knox. Chief Justice 

J. S. Bushe, Colonial Secretary 

C. W. Warner, C.B., Attorney-Geu. 

H. E. Buhver, Receiver-General 

G. Garcia, Solicitor-General 

H. Mitchell, A<?eut-Gen, Lnmigrants 

Frederick Warner 



Henry Johnson 

liobert V\^ilson 

Louis A. A. deVerteuil, M.D. 

Henry Watts 

Andre Bernard 

John de Boissiere, M.D. 

Louis Jovau. 



Clerk of the Council, Pv. L. Guppy. 



CIVIL establish:sient. 



Governor and Commander-in Chief 

Private Secretary 

Colonial Secretary, Hon. J. S. Bushe ... 

Confidential Clerk, R, L. Guppy ... .., 

Assistant Cierk, W. O'Brien 

Do. Do., A, Ross ... 
Receiver-General,, H. E. Bulwer ... ... 

Assistant Receiver-General, E. J. Eagles 

Sub- Receiver and Harbour-iMaster, San Fernando, J. F. Knox... 

Clerk, Receiver-General's Office, I. Basanta 

Do. Do. Do., J. A. Tench 



Do. Do. 


Do., 


H 


Guppy 


Do. Do. 


Do., 


C. 


Farnuni 


Do. Do. 


Do., 


D. 


Horsford 


Do. Do. 


Do., 


O. 


Harley 


Landing Waiter, 






... 


Do., J. D. Cazaboa 




... 


Do., H. Hicks ... 




... 


Do., S. FitzGerald 




... 


Do., F. Basanta (M 


onos^ ... 


Locker, F. Danglade 


... 




... 


Do,, T. Lacroix 


... 




..! 


Do., J. O'Brien 


... 




... 


Supervisor, H. Chipchase ... 




... 


Do., A. Bourne 


.•• 




... 


Do., H. Cadiz 






... 


Do., G. Roget 


...* 




!!.' 


Do., H. Plughes 








Assistant Supervisor, A 


Fabien 




... 


Do. Do., 0. 


Vvyke 




... 



£ 


s. 


d. 


3,500 








300 








800 








300 








150 








50 








800 








500 








500 








330 








330 








275 








250 








200 








150 








330 








250 








220 








220 








75 








150 








110 








82 


10 





330 








330 








330 








330 








100 








250 








250 









174 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW 0? 



Clerk and Locker at San Fernando, J. E. Harris ... 

Landing' ^Vaiter, San Fernando, J. Richards 

Agent General Immigrants, Hon. H. Mitchell 
Travelling Expenses 

Sub Agent, Jno. Herbert Trollope 

Clerks, C. Mitchell 
„ L. Pierre 
„ H. Stone 

Inspector of Lnmigrants, M.Thomas ... 

Agent Immigrants Calcutta, T. Warner 

Auditor General, li. liussell 

Clerk Audit. Office, J. W. O'Brien 

Asst. Clerk do. T. Tench ... 

Commission of Assessed Taxes, H. A. Fitt (|) 

Clerk do. C Bushe ... 

Messenger do. W. Gray- 

Keeper Maps and Surveys, M. Sorzano 

Eegistrar General, H. A. Fitt (^) 

Clerk do. W. Cazabon 

Harbour Master, R. LI. Stewart 

Asst. do. K. Minor , 

Sunt Public Works, J. Meagher 
Travelling Expenses 

Overseer Public Works, J. Black 

Clerk do. A. Scammarony 

Post Master General, C. Chipchase 

Clerk do. 11. K. Wight 

Do. do. H. Pollard 

Botanist, H. Prestoo 

Gardener, J. Home 

Inspector Police, Prisons, and Weights & IMeasures, H. G. Bushe 
and Fees. 

Sub Inspector and Inspector of Weights and Measures, San Fer- 
nando, L. M. Frasei-j (with Fees) ... 

Sub Inspector, Port-of-Spauj, li. FitzSimons 

Clerk of Police, LI. I)ean 

Sanitary Inspector, D. Hart, (from Local Board of Health) 

Government Printer, (Contract) H. J. Mills 

Sup. Prisons, D. Hart 

Clork Iloval Gaol, W. H. Searle 

Asst. * do. S. W. Gould 

Overseer Royal Goal, C. McCarthey 

Princi])al Queen's Collegiate School, H. Deightou... 

Second Master, H. W. Caird 

Third :\raster, J. P. Lambert 

French -Master, F. Von Schalkwyck 

Inspector of Schools, A. W. Anderson ... 

Superintendent Model School for Boj's, L. Tronchin 

Supt. Girls School, Mrs. Alcock 

Health Officer, T. Anderson, M.D. 

Medical Attendant at Royal Gaol and Lunatic Asylum, Thomas 
Murray, M.D. 

Vaccinator General, A. Lcotaud, M.D. ... 



200 








200 








800 








100 








300 








200 








]oO 








100 








400 








1,600 








600 








300 








]00 








600 








300 








50 








375 








500 








200 








630 








100 





i) 


400 








150 








200 








150 








350 








200 








100 








200 








100 








450 








200 








200 








109 


10 





100 








800 








350 








150 








75 








120 








700 








500 








300 








200 








500 








250 








250 








150 








300 








185 16 


8 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 175 



Consulting, and Police Surgeon, Portof-Spain, B, T. Dasent ... 

Medical Attendant, Penal Settlement, W. Huggins, M.D. 

House Surgeon Col. Hospital, Port-of-Spain, K. Mercer, M.D ... 

Dispenser do. M. Rocliford 

Clerk do. J. Harragin 

Medical Superintendent Col. Hospital, and Police Surgeor, San 

Fernando, K. Finlay, M.D. 
Dispenser, Col. Hos,, San Fernando, B. Gittens 
Clerk do. D. Watson 

Medical Attendant Leper Asylum, L. Saturnin, M.D. 
Resident Inspector do. L. Rochard 

Resident Superintendent Lunatic Asylum, W. Pashley 
Government Messenger, G. Steers 

Allowances ... ... 

Govt. Messenger, H. Hay den 
Allo-svances 



£ 


s. 


d. 


250 








100 








700 








150 








175 








800 








100 








100 








250 








200 








175 








160 








85 








120 








55 









JUDICIAL ESTABLISHMENT. 



Chief Justice & Judge of Vice- Admiralty Court, Hon. W. G. Knox 

First Puisne Judge, H. T. Bowen 

Second do. H. FitzGerald 

Registrar of the Courts, T. Warner (Actg. P. Gomez) 

Clerk in Registrars Office, W. Budge ... 

Do. Do., R. L. Gibbs ... 

Do. Do., J. Rat 

Clerk to the Judges, J. Fuller 
Attorney-General, Hon. C. W. Warner, C.B. 
Solicitor-General, Hon. G. Garcia 
Marshal, Ed. Murray, (with Fees *) ... 
Commissioner Petty Civil Court, J. Cockerton 
Clerk do., C. H. Loreilhe ... 

Assistant do., A. Fouruier 

Official Assignee, J. Stone ... 
Crown Solicitor, J. Driggs ... 



£ 


s. 


a. 


1,500 








1,000 








1,000 








600 








200 








180 








50 








200 








800 








200 








350 








200 








150 








50 










Fees 


300 









STIPENDIARY MAGISTRATES AND CLERKS. 



Western District, County of St. George, John Stone 

Clerk, H. Cockerton 

Assistant Clerk, D. McD. Hart 
Eastern District, County of St. Georo^e, J. S. Hobson 

Clerk ... ... ... 

County of Victoria, T. S. Warner 
From Home Government 

Clerk, H. P. Hobson ... 

Assistant Clerk, C. Huggins 

(*) Fees, which in 1859, after deducting expenses, gave a net income of £1,257 
Vide Colonial Office List of 1862, page 140. 



£ 


s. 


d. 


GOO 








250 








62 


10 





.'300 








200 








100 








400 








200 








100 









176 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIET7 OP 



County of Caroni, H. J. Pantin 

Clerk, L. P. Pierre 
Eastern District, County of St. Patrick, and Commissisner of 
the Petty Civil Court, San Fernando, C. Hobson 
Clerk, K. Clarke 
Western District, County of St. Patrick, T. W. Fuller 
Clerk, J. Codrington ... ... 

County of Mayaro, H. L. Jobity 

As Warden 
Toco and Blanchisseuse, J. Cadiz 
As Warden 



£ 


s. 


d. 


500 








200 








500 








250 








400 








150 








2(]0 








150 








400 








100 









ECCLESIASTICAL ESTABLISHMENT. 

Diocesan — The Bishop of Barbados. 

Archdeacon, The Ven. G. Cummins, M.A. 
Rector of Holy Trinity, Hevd. S. L. B. Richards, M.A. 
Do. St. Paul „ C. A. Newsam 

Do. St. Mary „ H. Richards 

Do. St. Stephen „ C. Gillet 
Do. St. Andrew „ R. Critchlow 
Do. St. Luke ,, P. LeMaistre 

Do. St. Philip and St. Peter, Revd. H. N. Huggins 
Island Curate, St. Michael, Revd. A. Eckel 
Do. St. Mathevi^ „ Peterson 

Do. St. John, The Archdeacon, Acting ... 

Do. Christ Church, Revd. S. J. Branch ... 

Do. St. Thomas „ R. Graham 

Catechist, St. Jude, 

Assistant Curate, Holy Trinitv, Revd. W. D. Arrindel 
Do. St. Paul " „ Rock 

Do. All Saints, (Hospital & R. Gaol) Revd. W. G. 

Wall ... ... ... ... ... 150 



£ 


s. 


d. 


500 








^00 








350 








350 








350 








350 








350 








350 








400 








150 








150 








150 








150 








100 








100 









ROMAN CATHOLIC ESTABLISHMENT. 



Archbishop of Port-of- Spain, The Most Reverend Dr. J. Gonin 

Vicar General and Parish Priest, Port of- Spain, Rev. M. A.Biou 

Twenty Curates at £150 ... 

Two Asst. Curates 

Four Asst. Curates, Port-of- Spain, at £130 

Sacristan Mayor, do. 

STIPENDIARY MAGISTRATES AND THE DISTRICTS IN WHICH 

THEY RESIDE. 

John Stone, Port-of-Spain. — J. S. Hobson, St. Joseph. — J. Cadiz, Blanchisseuse. 

— H. L, Jobity, Mayaro.— H. J. Pantin, Couva. — T. S. Warner, San Fernando. 

— C. Hobson, San Fernando. — T. W. Fuller, Ccdros. 



£ 


s. 


d. 


1,000 








300 








3,000 








230 








520 








130 









1;EE ISLAJn^D of TUIXIDAD. 17? 

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE FOR PORT-OF-SPAIN. 

^ha Members of the Legislative Council and the Mayor are Ex-Officio Ma- 
gistrates—J. Cockerton— T. Anderson, M.D.— Alex. Campbell— L. Saturnin, 
M.D.— P.. II. Stewart— H. A. Fitt and C. F. Feez. , 



SERVICES OF PUBLIC OFFICERS ON THE FIXED ESTABLISH- 
MENT OF THE CIVIL SERVICE OF TRINIDAD WITH 
DATES OF APPOINTMENTS, &c. 

Anderson, Thomas, M.D., £loO— Health Officer of Shipping, 1817; is au- 
thor of a Work on Yellow Fever and Cholera in Trinidad; is a Justice of the 
Peace. 

Anderson, Alex. Wm., £500— Appointed Inspector of Schools, 1852; is also 
Secretary of the Board of Education; was called to the bar, 1830; is a native 
of the Island. 

Alcock, >S'ara7*... £250— Appointed Superintendent of the Female Model 
School, 1855. 

Bushe, John .Sco^^,.. £800— Educated at Trinity College, Dublin; Private 
Secretary to Lord Harris, Governor of Trinidad, 1852; Escribano of the Court 
of Intendant, 1853 to 1859; Private Secretary to Sir Chas, Elliot, k.c.b., Go- 
vernor of Trinidad, 1855; Actg. Colonial Secretary, 1859; Confirmed in that 
office, 1861; is a member of the Legislative Coiincil and Ex-Officio a Justice 
of the Peace; is a native of the Island; Actg. Auditor-Gen., 23rd April, 1866; 
Private Secretary to Lieut.-Govcrnor Rushworth, 24th April, 1866. 

Bushe, Eenry GraUan...£4.5i}, Alloivances, Fees, and Travelling Expenses — 
Appointed Inspector of Police and Weights and Measures and of Prisons; is 
a native of the Island. 

Bushe, Charles Edward... £300 — Appointed Clerk in the Office of Assessed 
Taxes, 1st January, 1862; is a native of the Island. 

Basanta, 7g/iafuf5...£830— Clerk in the Treasury, 1831; Appointed Senior 
Clerk in the Receiver-General's Office, 1st January, 1851 ; Acted as Auditor- 
General, 1863; is at present Actg. Registrar -General; was many years in the 
Commissariat Department; is a native of the Island. 

Boioen, Herbert 2^ownsJi end ..£1,000 — Called to the bar. Inner Temple, 
June, 1834; Solicitor-General, 1816; Acting Attorney-General, 26th Deer., 
1846; Puisne Judge, October, 1849; Acting Chief Justice of the Island, 9th 
April, 1853; is also Assessor of the Court of Intendant; is a Captain in the 
Militia Force of the Island. 

Bourne, Alfred. .£330 and Seizures— Ap^oiniedi a Clerk in the Receiver Ge- 
neral's Office, 1859; Supervisor 18th May, 1863. 

Black, John.. £200— Entered the public service in 1829 ; appointed Clerk of 
Works 1847 ; Overseer of Public V^^orks, 1855. * 



176 mSTOKICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

Bath, Hammet J. . . £200— Appointed Clerk of the Peace, Eastern County 
St. George, 1st February 1862— is a native of the island. 

Bulwcr, Henry Ernest. £800— Companion of the Order of St. Michael and 
St. George; B.A. of Trinity College, Cambridge, January 1859; Private Secre- 
tary to the Licut.-Governor of Prince Edwards Island, June 1859 to July 1860. 
Appointed resident of Paxo, Ionian Islands, October 1860; Peceiver-General, 
Trinidad, 8th March 1866 ; is a member of the Legislative Council and ex- officio 
a Justice of the Peace. 

Cazahon, J.D.., £250 and ^S^ei^wres— Appointed Landing Waiter 30th March 
1850— is a native of the island. 

Cazahon, W. jff.— £220— Appointed Clerk in the Registrar General's Office 
24th February, 1864 — is a native of the island, 

Cadiz, Henry J. . . £3S0 and Seizures — Assistant Clerk of the Peace, "Western 
County of St. George, 14th October, 1854; Landing Waiter 16th October, 1854; 
Supervisor 1st February, 1862 — is a native of the island. 

Cadiz, John Joseph. . £500 and Fees— Second. Clerk in the Office of the Co- 
lonial Secretary 1st Apri], 1861 ; Stipendiary Magistrate and Warden of Toco 
and Blanchisseuse 11th February, 1865 ; is also Commissioner of Affidavits and 
District Vaccinator — is a native of the island. 

Chipchase, Charles— £^60 and a House — Appointed Landing Waiter 1st 
January, 1846; Post Master General 24th March, 1865. 

Chipchase, Henry . . £^^Q and Seizures — Appointed Supervisor 1st Jany.,1849. 

Clarke, Kenneth . . £250 — Appointed Clerk of the Peace, Eastern County of 
St. Patrick, 1863 — is a native of the island. 

Caird, W. H., M.A....£500 — Second Master Queen's Collegiate School, 
March, 1 859 ; educated at Oriel College, Oxford. 

Coclcerton, John.. .£200, and £300 as Town Cleric and Treasurer — Judicial 
Referee ; Liquidator and Partidor of Intestate Estates and Registrar of Deeds; 
Secretary and Treasurer of the Illustrious Cabildo, 1838 ; Town Clerk and 
Ireasurer of the Borough Council, 1853, which appointment he now holds; on 
the creation of the Petty Civil Court, 1842, was appointed Commissioner of 
that Court in conjunction with his appointment as above ; has acted as Puisne 
Judge on various occasions, his commission as such bearing dates 2'7th April, 
1847, 3rd May, 1850, 7th August, 1852, and 29th April, 1853 ; is also a Jus- 
tice of the Peace and Major in the Militia Forces ; was called to the Bar of 
the Middle Temple, 1822. 

Cocherton^ Henry ... £160 — Appointed Clerk of the Peace, Western County 
of St. George, 1st Dec. 1860 ; was previously Senior Clerk in the Office of the 
Registrar of the Courts ; has acted as Stipendiary Magistrate for the Western 
County of St. Patrick ; is a Solicitor-at- Law and is a native of the Island. 

Hanglade, F. J...£l50 — Appointed Locker, 19th March, 1860 ; was pre- 
viously Librarian of the Public Library ; was formerly an extensive Merchant 
in the Island. 



THE rSLAx^L» OF TRINIDAD. 179 

DeigJiion, H., M.A.,...£700 — Principal Queen's Collegiate School, March, 
1860 ; is from the Cambridge University. 

Dasent, Bury Irwin, M.R.C.S.,...£250 — Appointed Consulting Surgeon Co- 
lonial Hospital, 1857 ; acted as Medical Superintendent Lunatic Asylum and 
Medical Officer Royal Gaol, 1865-6 ; is also Police Surgeon and District Vac- 
cinator. 

Driggs, James. ..£300 — Appointed Crown Solicitor, 1862 ; is also a Notary 
Public ; is a native of the island. 

Beaii, ^?7?r3/...£ 109— Appointed Clerk of Police, 1st Nov. 1865. 

Eagles, E. J. ..£500 — "Was Private Secretary to Sir George Grey at the 
Cape of Good Hope ; employed in the Office of the Secretary of State for the 
Colonies from 1856 to 1858 ; appointed Assistant Receiver-General, Trinidad, 
18th Feb. 1859. 

Foicmier, A... £50 — Assistant Clerk Civil Court ; is a native of the island. 

Fitt, Henry Alexander .. £hO0 — Acting Auditor General 1860; appointed 
Registrar General loth June, 1861 ; Commissioner of Assessed Taxes 1st Ja- 
nuary, 1862; acted as Receiver-General from 1864 to March 1866. Was for- 
merly a Merchant in the island, is a Captain in the Militia Force, and a Jus- 
tice of the Peace. 

Falnen, Auguste . . £250 — Appointed Clerk of the Peace for the Western 
County of Caroni, January 1844) Assistant Supervisor 12th November 1860 — 
is a native of the island. 

Fuller, John . . £300— Clerk of the Judges 23rd May, 1860. Was formerly a 
merchant in the island — is a native of the island. 

Fuller, Theodore Walrond . . £400 — Appointed Stipendiary Magistrate for 
the Western County of St. Patrick 23rd September, 1854 ; is a Commissioner 
of Affidavits ; was called to the Bar 1849 — is a native of the island. 

Finlay, Kirkman, M.D. . . £800 — Medical Superintendent, Colonial Hospital, 
San Fernando 1855 — is also District Vaccinator. 

FitzGerald, Horace .. £1000 — Appointed Puisne Judge 5th June, 1865 — is 
of the Irish Bar. 

FitzGerald, Samuel .. £220 and Seizures — Assistant Clerk in the Immio-ra- 
tion Office 1860; appointed Asst. Clerk, Royal Gaol, 7th January 1861 ; Clerk 
of Police 1862 ; Clerk Colonial Hospital 1864 ; Landing Waiter 1st November, 
1865 — is a native of the island. 

FitzSimo7is, R. H.. . £200 a?icZ^?Zozcance5— Appointed Sub Inspector of Police 
8th February, 1865. 

Frazer, Lionel M. . . £200 and Allowances and Fees — Appointed Sub Inspec- 
tor of Police and Inspector of Weights and Measures at San Fernando, 16th 
February, 1866 ; was previously Acting Clerk in the Receiver General's Office, 
from 24th March, 1865, to date of appointment as Sub Inspector. Was for- 
merly a Lieut, in H. M. 41st Regt. 



180 HISTOPvICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

Farnum, Charles . . £250 — Joined the Commissariat Dept. 1 846 ; Assistant 
Storekeeper, Trinidad, September, 1850; Acting Deputy Asst. Commissary- 
General 1856 to 1859; Assistant Storekeeper 1860; appointed fourth clerk in 
the Receiver General's Office 17th April, 1862. 

Gitppy, R. J. Z....£300 — Junior Clerk in the Colonial Secretary's Office, 
25th July, 1859; Appointed Clerk of the Council and Confidential Clerk to the 
Colonial Secretary, 24th March, 1861. 

Guppy, H. F. J.. ..£21 5 — Appointed Third Clerk in the Receiver-General's 
Office, September, 1858. 

Gomez, PJiiUp... £600— Acting Registrar of the Courts from 1859; A Capt. 
in the Militia Force; is a native of the Island. 

Griffith, E. M. S....£150 (Jtalf Salary)— Acting Third Master, Queen's 
Collegiate School, 1864; is a Teacher of the Model School; was formerly 
Clerk of the Peace ; is a native of the Island. 

Gould, Samuel Wenhoorth...£1o — Assistant Clerk of the Royal Gaol, 11th 
January, 1858; is a native of the Island. 

Gittins, Benjamin... £100 — Appointed Dispenser Colonial Hospital, San 
Fernando, 1862. 

Garcia, George... £200 and an Office— Qdlle^ to the bar. Middle Temple, 
1842; Solicitor-General, 1849; Acted as Puisne Judge in 1851, 1855 and 1856 j 
Assessor of the Court of Intendant, 17th July, 1856; again acted as Puisne 
Judge, 1857, 1858 and 1859; Acted as Chief Justice of the Colony in 1859 and 
1860; Acted as Attorney-Gen. from April to Deer., 1864; was some time In- 
spector of Prisons ; is a Member^of the Legislative Council, and ex-officio a Jus- 
tice of the Peace; Lieut. R. Artillery Militia Force ; is a native of the Island. 

Hicks^ H....£220 and Seizures — Appointed Locker, 20th January, 1853 j 
Landing Waiter, 1st November, 1865. 

Harris, J. E....£200 and Seizures... Landing Waiter, San Fernando, 18th 
July, 1862; was previously a Catechist. 

Hughes, Henry. ..£4^50 and Seizures — Clerk in the Customs Department, 
1848; Supervisor and Y/arden of the Cedi'os Ward Union, 17th April, 1862; 
is a native of the Island. 

Huggins, C....£100 — Appointed Assistant Clerk of the Peace, County of 
Victoria, 1st October, 1862 ; is also Clerk to Commissioner Petty Civil Court, 
San Fernando. 

Hobson, James S....£oOO — Clerk to the Judges, Aug., 1848; appointed 
Stipendiary Magistrate and ■ Commissioner of Affidavits, Sept., 1850; is a 
native of the Island. 

Bohson, Charles. ..£500 — Called to the Bar, 1830 ; appointed Stipendiary 
Magistrate and Commissioner of Affidavits, July, 1856 ; is also Commissioner 
of the Petty Civil Court, San Fernando, and a Notary PubHc. 

Hobson Henry P. ..£200 — Appointed Clerk of the Peace for the County of 
Victoria, 12th Nov. 1860 ; acting Clerk in the Office of Assessed Taxes, 1865- 
66 ; is a native of the Island. 



THE ISLAND OF TEINIDAD. 181 

Harragin, JoJm A...£\15 — Appointed Assistant Clerk of the Peace, Western 
County of St. George, 18G2 ; Clerk of Police in 1864 ; Clerk of the Colonial 
Hospital, 1st Nov. 1863 ; is a native of the Island. 

Rorsfor.I, David B arnes... £200— Clevk of Wards, 22nd Oct. 1861 ; appoint- 
ed Fifth Clerk Peceiver General's OfSce, 1st May, 1864 ; acting Clerk Council 
and Confidential Clerk to the Colonial Secretary, 1885-6 ; is also Secretary to 
the General Board of Health. 

Barley, 0...£ 150— Appointed Sixth Clerk in the OfEce of the Receiver Ge- 
neral, 17th April, 1852. 

Hayden, IT.. .£120 and £55 Allowances — Government Messenger, 1850. 

Hart, Daniel McDonnell... £Q2 10 — Appointed Assistant Clerk of the Peace, 
Western District, County St. George, 9th March, 1863 ; was j)reviously Su- 
pernumary in the Offices of Surveyor General and Immigration, is a native 
of the Island. 

Hart, Daniel.. £350, a house and £50 for horse keep— Assistant Clerk Com- 
missariat Department, Trinidad, 1825 ; Ensign in the Koyal Trinidad Battalion 
Militia Force, 4th October, 1831 ; Adjoint Commandant of the District of 
Santa Cruz, 1832 ; Commandant of the District of Las Cuevas and Maraccas, 
1833 ; Lieutenant of the St. Joseph's Light Infantry Regiment of Militia, 20th 
November, 1833; Special Magistrate under the Imperial Act of Parliament for 
the Abolition of Slavery, 22nd July, 1834 ; Provost ^Marshal General ]Militia 
Force, 14th March, 1835; Captain in the St. Joseph's Light Infantry Regi- 
ment of Militia, 31st May, 1837; Sent by the Governor of the Island (Sir Geo. 
F. Hill, Bart.) Special Commissioner to Venezuela, to claim indemuificatioii 
for a vessel belonging to the Island, that had been captured by a Venezuelean 
cruizer, as also to enforce the release of two British Subjects, 1837 ; Brevet 
Major in the Militia Force, 1838 ; Commissioner of Roads and Bridges, 1 842 j 
Sworn Interpreter of the Spanish Language, 1843 ; Governor of the Royal 
Gaol, 10th June, 1847 ; Sent to Antigua to Inspect and Report on the Prison 
of that Island, 10th April, 1857 ; Sent to Barbados to Confer with His Excel- 
lency the Governor-General of that Island under a Dispatch from the Secretary 
of State for the Colonies (H. Labouchere, Esq.) to Governor Hincks, in regard 
to the transfer of the Convicts from Barbados to Trinidad, 25th Octr., 1857; 
Superintendent of Prisons, 1st February, 1858; Acted as Inspector of Police 
and Inspector of Weights and Measures, from 22nd October, 1858, to 5th 
April, 1859; Superintending Inspector under the Ordinance for Promoting the 
Public Health and by Commission of His Excellency R. Keate, Esq., 26th 
May, 1862 ; again acted as Inspector of Police and Weights and Measures, irk 
conjunction with his office of Superintendent of Prisons, from 8th Februaryv 
1862 to the 22nd August, 1863, when he resumed his duties of Superintendent 
of Prisons and Sanitary Inspector; Sanitary Inspector under the Local Board 
of Health (in cod junction with his office of Superintendent of Prisons) 9th No- 
vember, 1865. 



182 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

Johity, Eenry Louis.. £200 and Commission as Warden— Appointed Stipen- 
diary Magistrate, Commissioner of Affidavits and Warden of the Mayaro Ward 
Union, November 1860; Appointed Warden of the Couva AVard Union, 1866; 
is a Solicitor-at-Law and a Lieutenant in the Militia Force of the Island — 
is a native of the island. 

Knox, George William . . £1,500— Called to the Bar at the Inner Temple 1831 ; 
Solicitor General, 12th February, 1846; Acting Attorney General, 7th July, 
1846; Puisne Judge, 26th December, 1846; Chief Justice of the Island and 
Judge of the Vice Admiralty Court, 1849; Senior Member of the Legislative 
Council ; a Lieut.-Colonel in the Militia Force — is a native of the island. 

Rnox, James Francis.,. £500 — Clerk in the Customs, 1st Dec, 1848 ; Sub- 
Receiver and Harbour Master at San Fernando, 1852 ; has acted as Receiver 
General ; is also a Justice of the Peace, a Land Surveyor and Commissioner of 
Affidavits ; is a native of the Island. 

Lacroix, Thomas 5. ..£110 — Assistant Harboui* Master, 1st January, 1360 j 
Locker, 24th March, 1865. 

Loreille. Ste. Luce... £200 — Clerk of the Petty Civil Court, Port of Spain, 
1851. 

Mitchell, Henry, M.D.,...£800 and Travelling Expenses — Assistant Superin- 
tendent Immigrants, 1850 ; appointed Agent General Immigrants, April 1853 j 
is a Member of the Legislative Council, ex officio a Justice of the Peace ; is a 
native of the Island. 

Mitchell, Chs. A. Tr...£200 — Assistant Clerk Immigration Office, March, 
1859; Senior Clerk, 1st April, 1864; Appointed Acting Warden of the Diego 
Martin Ward Union, 1866; is a native of the Island. 

Minor, Rafael F... £100 — Assistant Clerk Post Office, 21st Feb. 1852 ; As- 
sistant Harbour Master, 24th March, 1865. 

Meagher, James /...£400 and £150 Travelling Expenses — Appointed Su- 
perintendent of Public Works, Trinidad, 6th August, 1863. 

Murray, Udward.,.£d50 and Fees averaging £1,200 per annum — Registrar 
of Slaves, 1825 ; pensioned off on the Abolition of Slavery at £400 per annum ; 

appointed Marshal of the Island March, 1851 ; in the Militia Force of- 

the Island ; is a native of the Island. 

Murray, Thomas, M.D.,...£445 16 8 — Vaccinator General, 1825 ; Medical 
Superintendent Lunatic Asylum, and Medical Officer of the Royal Gaol, 1858 ; 
is a native of the island. 

Mercer, Richard Chs., M.D.A.,...£700 and a House — Superintendent of the 
Coolie Asylum, 1849 ; appointed House Surgeon Colonial Hospital, 20th May 
1854. 

McCarthy, Charles... £120— Orerseev Royal Gaol, 20th March, 1843. 

O'Brien, John. ..£300 — Assistant Clerk of the Imperial Customs, 12th Feb., 
1830; Clerk of the Attorney-General, 1833; Keeper of the Royal Gaol, 17th 
Nov., 1835; Clerk of the Petty Civil Com-t, Sept., 1845; Landing Waiter, 1st 
Jime, 1853. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, 183 

O'Brien, John, Junior.,. £82 10s. Od. — Locker, 1857. 

O'Brien, James Woodford... £300 — Appointed Clerk and Sorter in the Im- 
perial Post-office, Trinidad, in 1842; held that appointment till 1851; in 
charge of entire department from 1851 to 1858; and was also employed during 
that period as Clerk in the Colonial Post-office; Acted as Her Majesty's Packet 
Agent in 1858; in Jan., 1860, owing to the amalgamation of the Imperial and 
Colonial Post-offices, was appointed Chief Clerk of the General Post-office ; 
prom.oted to Chief Clerk in Auditor-General's Department, 17th April, 1862 ; 
was Acting Postmaster-General frora July to Sept., 1862. 

O'Brien, John Walter.. £150 — Appointed Clerk in the Colonial Secretary's 
Office, 11th Feby., 1865: was previously a Supernumary in the Colonial 
Secretary's and Immigration Offices; is a native of the Island. 

Pantin, Henry John... £500 — Appointed Stipendiary Magistrate and Com- 
missioner of Affidavits for the Western County of Caroni, Aug., 1850; called 
to the bar, 1847; is a native of the Island. 

Pierre, Louis P... £200— Clerk in the Immigration Office, March, I860; 
was previously a Supernumary in the Office of the Colonial Secretary. 

PasMey, Willi am... £11 6 — Appointed Resident Superintendent of the 
Lunatic Asylum, Sept., 1858. 

Prestoe, Henry. ..£200, a House and Allowances — Appointed Colonial Bo_ 
tanist, 8th Aug. 186 !< ; is from Kew Gardens. 

Pollard, Henry Flit... £\00 — Aipi^omted. Assistant Clerk Post Office, 24th 
March, 1865 ; was previously a Supernumary in the Receiver General's Office. 

Jiitssell, Richard... £000 — Appointed Auditor General, 7th May, 1861 ; act- 
ed as Colonial Secretary in 1863. 

Ross, Aug. Cotton — Assistant Clerk Colonial Secretary's Office, 11th Feb. 
1865 ; was previously a Supernumary in that office. 

Richards, Joseph... £200 — Appointed Clerk in the Post Office, 1st January, 
1861 ; Clerk in the Sub-Receiver's Office, San Fernando, 8th April, 1865 ; is 
a native of the island. 

Rochford, il/i7e5...£150~Appointed Dispenser of the Colonial Hospital, 1st 
March, 1863 : is a Licensed Druggist ; is a native of the Island. 

Pochard, Louis. ..£200 and £50 for Horse keep — Appointed Resident Su- 
perintendent of the Leper Asylum, Oct. 1845 ; is a Justice of the Peace and a 
Commissioner of Affidavits, and a Major in the Militia Force of the Island . 
was previously the proprietor of an extensive Sugar Estate. 

Roget, Gracilliano ^...£830 and Seizures — Clerk in the Immigration Office, 
May, 1867 ; supervisor, 24th May, 1864 ; is a native of the Island. 

Saturnin, J.ouis, M.D.,...£250 — Appointed Medical Superintendent of the 
Leper Asylum, 10th Jan. 1846 ; is also a Justice of the Peace and District 
Vaccinator ; is a native of the Island. 

Steers, George W...£l60 and £85 Allowances — Government Messenger, 
1829. 



IM HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW 0? 

Sione, John. ..£600 and Fees as Official Assignee — Called to the Bar 1832 ; 
appointed acting Official Assignee, 2nd October, 1854 ; Stipendiary Magistrate 
for the Town of Port of Spain, Western District, County St. George, 1855 ; is 
also Commissioner of Affidayits \ a Lieutenant in tlie Militia Force of the Is- 
land. 

SfoiiS, Thrhert a...£ 100— Appointed Assistant Clerk of the Peace for the 
y/estern District, County of St. George, 17th May, 1864; Acted as Clerk of 
the Peace for the ^.'estern District, County of St. Patrick; Clerk Immigration 
Office, 9th March, 1S8G; ^vas previously a Supernumary in the Colonial Secre- 
tary's Office. 

SearJe, Win. /f....£ 150— Appointed Clerk of Police, 1859; Clerk of the 
Eoyal Gaol, 1st Aug., 1831. 

Sorzano, Manuel... £Tib—C\QYk in the Office of Commissary of Population, 
Sept., 1840; Appointed Surveyor-General and Keeper of Maps and Surveys, 
1st JSIarch, 1855; Escribano of the Court of Intendant, 1859; is a native of 
the Island. 

Stewart, Roiolcy //?7/...£630 — Appointed Harbour Master, June, 1838; is a 
Justice of the Peace, and Lieut, in the Koyal Artillery Militia Forces, and 
Captain of the Fire Brigade. 

Scamarromj A... £150— Appointed Clerk in the Office of the Sup. Public 
Works, May, 1832; is a native of the Island. 

Tench, Jno. Alex... £330— Third Clerk Receiver-GeneraVs Office, 14th Aug., 
1857, Second Clerk, 20111 Sept., 1859; was for many years in the Commissariat 
Department, which he left, and joined the Colonial Bank as Accountant, 
which office he resigned and joined the Civil Cer^nce of the Island, 1857. 

Tench, 'ihomas i/...£100 — Appointed Assistant Clerk in the Audit Office, 
1st Jan. 1832 ; was previously Supernumary in the Receiver General's Office ; 
is a native of the Island, 

Thomas, J\farlin. ..£i:00, and £100 for Travelling Expenses — Sub-Inspector 
of Police, 1846; Appointed Supervisor, 27th Sept., 1864, w^hich office he held 
up to 1830, w^hen he again returned to the Police-Force as Sub-Inspector; 
Appointed Inspector of Immigrants, 15th Febj'., 1866. 

Tronchui, L. B...£2dO — Superintendent of the Model School, 1861 ; is a 
native of the Island. 

TroUope. J. i/...£309 — Sub-Agent Immigration, 9th January, 1866; was 
formerly in the II. E. I. C. S. 

Van SchaIkto>/cJc F...£2o0 — French Teacher Queen's Collegiate School, Au- 
gust, 1862. 

Warner, Chi. Wm., C.B...£800 and an Office with private iiractice — Com- 
panion of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath ; educated at Eaton and 
Harrow ; called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, 1829 ; Solicitor-General, 
1831. ; Attorney General, 1814 ; is a Member of the Legislative Council, ex 
officio a Justice of the Peace ; Judge Advocate General Militia Forces. 



THE ISLAND OF TldXIDAD. 



185 



Warner, ThorntGn... £1, GOO and AlloYranccs— Educated at HarroTv; appoint- 
ed Immigration Agent at Calcutta, 1853 ; joined the Civil Service of the Is- 
land as Clerk of the Conrts, loth Nov. 1329 ; has also filled the Omces of Es- 
cribano of the Courts ; Acting Colonial Secretary ; Stipendiary Magistrate ; 
Secretary to the Board of Compensation under the Act for the Abolition cf 
Slavery; appointed Registrar of the Courts, June 1845 ; Lieutenant in the 
Militia Forces of the Island ; is a native of the island. 

Wi/l-e, Oliver A...£2-:Q — Assistant Clerk cf the Petty Civil Court, 1859 
Assistant Supervisor, 12 Xov. 1330 ; is a native of the Island. 

IVic/ht, Ruhert Knox. .,£200— Appointed Clerk in the Sub -Receiver's OfSce, 
San Fernando, 17th Axn'il, 1862 ; Clerk in the Post Oince, Port cf Spain, 8th 
April, 1835 ; is a native of the Island. 

Warmr, Tlios. S/aV^y... Appointed Stipendiary Magistrate, Aug. 1843 ; ^vas 
previously Marshal of the Island of Dominica ; is a Solicitor- at-Lavr and Com- 
missioner of Affidavits. 

Watson, David,,. £100 — Appointed Clerk of San Fernando Hospital, 1862 ; 
■svas previously engaged in mercantile pursuits. 



Thomas Anderson, 1^1.'D. 

Thomas Murray, M.D.E. 

Hon. H. Mitchell, M.D. 

L. A. de Verteuii, M.D., Paris 

X. Finlay, M.D.; Ghent 

L. Saturnin, ]M.D., France ... 

J. Espinet, M.D. 

A. Leotaud, M.D., Paris 

R. Johnston, M.D.E. 

Yi. Hu^gins, M.D.E. 

^Y. C. ivelaart, M.R.C.S.L. ... 



L PRACTITIONERS. 




1816 


J. M. Bonavita, Montpeliier ... 


1850 


1827 


R. Mercer, M.D.A. 


1853 


1837 


J. V. de Boissiere, M.D.E. ... 


1854 


1837 


B. J. Dasent, M.R.C.S.L. ... 


1856 


18o8 


J. H. Jenvey,M.R.C.S.E. ... 


1859 


1833 


E. X. Tardy, M.D. 


1839 


1838 


E. J. Hammond, M.R.C.S.L. ... 


1860 


1839 


Pl. Knaggs ,, 


1860 


1840 


L. E. Dumaine „ 


1832 


1841 


J. Percy 


1863 


184S 


T. Murray, Jnr. 


1864 



ADVOCATES AND SOLICITORS, WITH DATES WHEZn" ADMITTED 
TO PRACTISE IX THE ISLAND. 







Advocates. 






J. Cockerton 


.. 31st July, 


1822 


F. "Warner 


... 16th Dec, 


1843 


C. ^Y. Vrarner . 


.. 20th Oct., 


1829 


H. Court 


... 13th March, 


1844 


Charles Hobson 


.. 19 th May, 


1830 


H. J. Pantin 


... 23rd March, 


1847 


J. S. Agcstini . 


.. 15th Sept., 


1830 


A. Fitz James 


... 25th Jan., 


1848 


P. Gomez 


.. 8th Jan., 


1831 


R. Guppy 


... 28ai March, 


1848 


A.W. Anderson. 


.. 16th Dec, 


1831 


T. AY, Fuller 


... 7th Jan., 


1850 


J. Stone 


.. 25th Feb., 


1832 


M. M. Philip 


... 6th Jan., 


1855 


George Garcia . 


.. 4th April, 


1842 









186 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 









Solicitous. 






Samuel Greeni 


dge 


7tli April, 


1832 


Jos. Sicard 


27th Nov., 


1851 


H. H. Andei 


son 


21st March, 


1833 


H. Cockerton 


9th Feb., 


1853 


W. P. Lynch 


... 


13th May, 


1836 


L. T>. O'Connor... 


23rd March, 


1854 


H. L. Jobity 


... 


17th Feb., 


1840 


E. L. Michineaux 


8th Dec, 


1851 


J. Driggs 


... 


2nd May, 


1843 


R. M. Teteron ... 


5th Feb., 


18.57 


P. J. Delisle 


••« 


14th Sept., 


18J9 


R. M. Griffith ... 


6th March, 


1857 


B. D. Park 


... 


6th Feb., 


IStl 


G. T. Palmer ... 


15th May, 


1857 


J. P. Ramsay 


••• 


20th May, 


1851 


P. Fort 


26th Sept., 


1857 


F. Damian 




21st July, 
PUI 


1831 




« 






JLIC NOTARIES. 





John Cockerton — Charles Hobson — H. H. Anderson — James Driggs — L. D. 
O'Connor — F. Damian. 



LICENSED CONVEYANCERS. 

Henry H. Anderson— Samuel Greenidge — William P. Lynch — James Driggs — 
Benjamin D. Park — Leon D. O'Connor — Henry Cockerton — Francis Damian. 



SWORN INTERPRETERS. 



FRENCH. 

S. Greenidge, J. Driggs, P. J. Delisle, J. D. Cazabon, L. F. Fabien, L. 

Simon, J. Rochard, S. Devenish, J. F. Rat, E. L. Michineaux, 

L. D. O'Connor. 

FRENCH AND SPANISH. 

I. Basanta, H. H. Anderson, W. P. Lynch, W. P. Ruthwell, A. A. Wharf, 
O, D'Henreux, J. A. Farfan. 

Spanish — D. Hart, B. D. Park— French, Spanish and Italian — S. Cipriani. 
French, German and English— C. F. Feez. 



PERSONS RECEIVING PENSIONS. 



Thomas F. Johnston, late Colonial Secretary... 

F. N. West .. „ Escribano of the Courts 

E. Hodgkinson . . „ Marshal ... 

— Caii'd . . „ Immigration Agent, Calcutta 



£ 8. d. 

400 

400 

310 

30 



THE ISLAND OF THINIDAD. 187 

INSURANCE COMPANIES. 



Barbados Mutual Life Assurance Society... Agents, Turnbull, Stewart & Co. 
City of Glasgow Assurance Company... Agents, Henry "VVatts & Co. 

Colonial Life Assurance Company... Agent, John Cumming. 

Commercial Union Assurance Company... A gents, L. Labastide & Co. 

Home & Colonial Life Assurance Company (Lim.) ..Agents, Scott, Julyan & Co. 

Imperial Fire Insurance Company. ..Agent, M. Burnett. 

La Tutelar Mutual Life Insurance Comp. of Madrid... Agents, O'Connor Bro's. 

Liverpool and London Insurance Company... Agents, Henry Watts & Co. 

Mercantile Fire Insurance Company ..Agents, Turnbull, Stewart & Co. 

Northern Fire Insurance Company... Agents, O'Connor Brothers. 

Phoenix Fire Insurane Company... Agent, John Fuller. 

Queen Insurance Company... Agents, A. Campbell & Co. 

Royal Insurance Company (Fire & Life)... Agent, T. A. Finlayson. 

Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Company... Agent, J. C. Alston. 

Sun Fire OiB.ee... Agents, Hume, Bernard & Co. 

Victoria Life Assurance Company. ..Agent, Charles Fabien. 

Lloyd's Agents... Hume, Bernard & Co. 



FOREIGN CONSULS. 

American Consul. ..N. L. Humphrey. 

Danish Consul... P. F. L. Beichmann. 

French Vice Consul... A. C. Joliclere. 

Italian Consul. ..J. A. S. Cipriani. 

Hamburgh Consul... C. F. Feez. 

Spanish Consul... F. J. Scott. 

\enezuelan Consul... Domingo Montbrun. 



COMMISSIONERS OF AFFIDAVITS. 

For the County of St. Geoege. 

L. De Gannes ; Hon. H. Johnston ; F. M. Gransaull ; L. Giuseppi ; J. T, 

Bowen ; J. Leotaud ; L. A. Joyau ; L. A. Rochard. Western District... 

John Stone, S.J.P. Eastern District... J. S. Hobson, S.J.P. 

For the County of Caeoni. 

J. T. Bowen ; L. Rostant ; H. J. Pantin, S.J.P. 

For the County of Victoria. 

J. F. Knox ; R. Lake ; Hon. R. Wilson ; J. L. Johnston ; W. Taylor ; R. 

Johnstone, M.D. ; C. Hobson ; R. Guppy ; T. S. Warner, S.J.P. 

For the County of St. Patrick. 

C. Hobson, S.J.P. ; T. W. Fuller, S.J.P. 

For the County of Mayaro. 

H. L. Jobity, S.J.P. 

For the County of St. David. 

J. S. Hobson, S.J.P. 



188 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OP 

SURVEYOK GENERAL'S OFFICE. 



Keeper of Maps & Surveys... Manuel Sorzano. 

Sworn Surveyors... L. D'Abadie ; L. Rigault ; J. M. Farfan ; S. Deveuish. 

H. De Lapeyrouse ; M. Sorzano ; E. Fitzgerald ; J. F. Knox ; L. 

A. LeJRoy; C. Boehmler ; G. F. Bowen; J. F. Rat ; St. Ange 

De Creny ; A. Devenish and P. C. Rosteing. 



CARTS AND PORTERS — RATES OF FARES. 

Carts ... From the Wharf to any place in a line ) t^-a-oot. n^-n-ha 

with King street., j^'^^^^'^ ^^''^^• 

., ... ... ... ... Duke street. . Twenty cents. 

J, the Gaol Twenty-five cents. 

Porters ... For the day, sixty cents ; half-day, forty cents. For the houi', fif- 
teen cents. Trip or job, ten cents. 



RATES OF FARES OF LICENSED BOATMEN FOR EACH BOAT. 

To and From all Inshore Vessels 

Second class Vessels 

Third class Vessels 

Fourth class Vessels 

Outside Fom'th class 

Ships of AVar 

Boats with luggage to have an additional allowance of six cents per pack- 
age, equal to a common trunk. If 4 oars, double the foregoing rates ; if de- 
tained more than 15 minutes, to pay extra 50 cents for the first hour and 30 
cents for every subsequent hour. 



121 


cents. 


25 




35 




45 




60 




90 





THE FOLLOWING COINS ARE LEGAL TENDER IN TRINIDAD. 

£ s. d. $ c. 

Spanish, Mexican and Columbian Doubloons 3 4 ... 15 36 

Spanish, Mexican, or Columbian Silver Dollar 4 2 ... 1 00 

United States Gold— Double Eagle 4 2 0... 19 68 

Eagle 2 1 .. 9 81 

„ „ „ IlalfEagle 1 G ... 4 92 

„ „ „ Quarter Eagle 10 3... 2 4G 

„ „ „ Gold Dollai' 4 1 ... 93 



THE ISLAND OF TEINIDAD. 



189 



FOREIGN CONSULATES IN BRITISH COLONIES : 



Austria 


Belize 


A. S. Kindred, C. 


Belffium 


Do. 


Mathias Levy, V.C. 


Do. 


Demerara 


E. Pottiez, V,C. 


Do. 


Jamaica 


Simon Pietersz, C. 


Denmark 


Belize 


Mathias Levy, C. 




Jamaica 


B. A. Franklin, C. 




Trinidad 


P. F. L. Beichmann, C. 


France 


Barbados 


S. Baird, V.C. 




St. Lucia 


C. Bourgeoiu, C.A. 




Bahamas 


Jno. Taylor, C.A. 




Jamaica 


M. INIalabre, C.A. 




Nassau 


G. Benouard, C.A. 




St. Kitts 


Sapin de Lisle, C.A. 




Trinidad 


A. C. Joliclere, C.A. 


Guatemala 


Jamaica 


Bobt. Bogle, C. 




Belize 


Anto. Mathe, C. 


Hanse Towns 


Jamaica 


F. A. Ebbeke, C. 


Hanse Towns, Bremen 


Do. 


Do. 


Hanse Towns, Hamburg 


Barbados 


G. KilkellT, C. 




Jamaica 


F. A. Ebbeke, C. 




Trinidad 


C. F. Feez, C. 


Hayti 


Jamaica 


Cimas Laraque, C. 


Italy 


Trinidad 


G. A. S. Cipriani, C. 


Netherlands 


Demerara 


A. E. Luthers, C. 




Jamaica 


S. G. Pietersz, C. 


New Grenada 


Do. 


Anto. Roux, V.C. 


Portugal 


Demerara 


J. T. F. Nobrega, C. 




Guiana 


A. A. Vieera, C. 




Trinidad 




Prussia 


Jamaica 


F. A. Ebbeke. 




St. Vincent 


Robt. Gumming. 


Spain 


Jamaica 


Bruno Badan, C. 




Nassau 


Juan ISIaura, C. 




Trinidad 


h\ J. Scott, C. 


Sweden 


Bahamas Islands 


S. 0. Johnson, C. 




Belize 


A. S. Levy, C. 




Jamaica 


R. S. C. liitchins, C. 


United States 


Antigua 


M. Galoby, C.A. 




Barbados 


W. S. Trowbridge, C. 




Belize 


C. A. Leas, C.A. 




Demerara 


C. G. Hannah, C. 




Jamaica 


A. Gregg, C. 




Nassau, N. P. 


T. Kirkpatrick, C. 




St._ Kitts 


Emile S. Delisle, C. 




Trinidad 


N. L. Humphrey, C. 




Do. 


E. H. Fitt, V.C. 


Venezuela 


• Antigua 


R. L. Humphrys, C. 




Barbados 


H. M. Chlery, C. 




Demerara 


Robt. Shine, C. 




Grenada 


D. Webster, C. 




Jamaica 


J. Garcia del Rio, C. 




St. Lucia 


F. Loustau, C. 




Trinidad 


Dr. D. Montbrun, 0. 



190 



HISTOEICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



BRITISH CONSULS IN FOEIGN COUNTRIES 



Argentine Federation 

Do. 
Austria 
Belgium 
Brazil 

Do. 
Central America 
Chili 
Cuba 



Denmark 



Equator 
France 



Hanse Towns 
Hayti 

Holland 
Italy 

Mexico 



Monte Video 
Mosquito 
New Granada 



Buenos Aires 

Rosario 

Venice 

Antwerp 

Bahia 

Pernambuco 

Guatamala 

Santiago 

Cardenas 

Cienfuegos 

Havana 

Matanzas 

Nuevitas 

Remedios 

St. Jago 

Trinidad 

Copenhagen 

Elsinore 

St. Thomas 

St. Croix 

Guayaquil 

Paris 

Bordeaux 

Marseilles 

Havre 

Granville 

Nantes 

Guadeloupe 

Martinique 

Bremen 

Hamburgh. 

Port-au-Prince 

Cape Haytien 

St. Domingo 

Jacmel 

Porto Plata 

Amsterdam 

Cura9oa 

Surinam 

Naples 

Florence 

Genoa 

Leghorn 

Palermo 

Guanaxuato 

Matamoras 

Mexico 

Tampico 

Vera Cruz 

Monte Video 

Grey Town 

Bogota 

Carthageua 

Chagres 



T. J. Hutchinson, C. 

Wm. Perry, C.G. 

E. A. Grattan, C. 

J. Morgan, C. 

G. S. L. Hunt, C. 

Wm. Hall, C. 

Wm. T. Thompson, C.G. 

E. B. Schneider. 
G. M. Fowler. 

F. Parish, C.G. 
F. A. D'Costa. 
P. S. Dolz. 

J. B. Stone. 

F. W. Ramsden 
W. S. Smith. 
W. J. Tm^ner. 

B. Taylor, C. 
R. B. Lamb, C. 

H. T. A. Rainals, C. 
Geo. Fagan, C.G. 
Thos. Pickford, C. 
T. B. G. Scott, C. 

E. W. Mark, C. 

G. W. Featherstonhaugh. 

C. Smith. 
Peter Barrow, C. 
Jas. Crawford, C. 
W. Lawless, C. 
M Schwoon. 

John Ward, C.B., C.G. 
S. St. John, C.G. 
Wm. Boden. 
M. T. Hood, C. 

F. F. Gerdes. 

G. L. Cheesman. 

J. G. C. L. Newnham, C. 

D. A. Jesurum, C. 

D. C. Munro, C. 

E. Vi. Bouham, C.G. 
C. J. Prohy. 

M. Y. Brown, C. 

A. Macbean, C. 
J. Goodwin, C. 
J. H. Glass, C.G. 
C. L. A. Blacker. 

F. Glennie, C. 
F. Johnson, C. 

W. G. Lettsoen, C.G. 
Jas. Green, C. 
P. Griffith, C.G. 

B. W. Doyle, C. 
E. M. Gififard, C. 



!rHE ISLAND OF TEIXIDAD. 



191 



New Granada 


■ Panama 




C. A. Henderson, C. 




Santa Martha 




Fred. Stacey, C. 


Norway- 


Christiania 




J. R. Crowe, C.B., C.G. 


Paraguay 


Asuncion 




[ham, C.G. 


Peru 


Lima 




Hon. W. G. S. Jerning- 




Callao 




Jno. Barton, C. 




Islay 




Chas. Wilthus, C. 


Portugal 


Lisbon 




W. Smith, C. 




Fayal 




T. Dart. 




Madeira 




D. H. Erskine, C. 




Oporto 




R. L. Swift, C. 




St. MichsDl's 




S. Virres, C. 




Cape Verdes Islands 


T. Miller, C. 


Prussia 


Dantzig 




H. R. Plaw, C.G. 


Eoman States 


Rome 




J. Severn, C. 


Russia 


Odessa 




E. C. G. Murray, C.G. 




St. Petersburg!! 


C. E. de Michele, C. 




Warsaw 




Col. E. Stanton, C.B., C.G, 


Saxony- 


Leipzig 




J. A. Crowe, C.G. 


Spain 


Barcelona 




Jas, Baker, C. 




Bilboa 




H. Young, C. 




Cadiz 




A. G. Dunlop, C. 




Corunna 




Ewd. Santos. 




Manilla 




J. W. P. Farren, C. 




Malaga 




W. P. Mark, C. 




Madrid 








Guayama Porto Rico 


4» 




Mayaguez 


do. 


L. Krug. 




Naguabo 


do. 


F. Ick. 




Ponce 


do. 


Daniel Basanta. 




St. John 


do. 


H. A. Cowper, C. 




Teneriffe 




H. C. Grattan, C. 




VigQ 




AV. C. Brackenbury. 


Sweden 


Stockholm 




T. C. Hunt, C. 


Switzerland 


Geneva 




A. Mackenzie, C. 


Tunis 


Tunis 




R. Wood, C.G. 


United States 


Alexandria 




L. Mackenzie. 




Baltimore 




F. Bernal, C. 




Boston 




F. Lousada, C. 




Charleston 








Key West 




A. G. Bntterneld. 




Mobile 








New Haven 








New Orleans 




Denis Donohoe, C. 




New York 




E. M. Archibald, C. 




Norfolk 




Myer Myers. 




Philadelphia 




C. E. K.' Kortright, C. 




Portland 




H. J. Murray. 




Savannah 




E. Molyneux, C. 


Venezuela 


Bolivar 








Caracas 




Hon. Richd. Edwards,C.G. 




La Guayra 




E. T. Harrison. 




Maracaibo 








Puerto Cabello 


F. Stacey. 




Maturin 




J. Sceffer. 



192 



HISTCmCAL AND STATISTICAL TIEW OF 



AGENT FOE THE EOYAL MAIL STEASI PACKET COMPANY— 

FuLD. John Scott. 



Liverpool Steamei 



due en 2Gth cf each month — Leav 
Hume, Bernard & Co. 



)n 2TLh — Aqcnts, 



I^Icdls despafcJie-IJrom the General Fast Office, Fori- of- Spain:— 
Diego Martin and Carenage — Daily at 3 p.m. (Sunday cxceptcu). 
St. Juan, St. JoscpJi, Arouca and Arima — Every day at 3 o'clock p.m. (Sunday 
excepted). Santa Cniz and. Maraval — Daily at 8 a.m. (Sunday excepted). 
CJiaguanas, Couva, San Fernando, Savanna Grande and QroriouclLe— On Mon- 
day at 1.30 p.m., on Tuesday at 2.30 p.m., on Yv^ednesday at 10.30 a.m., 
en alternate Thursdays at 6.30 a.m., on Friday at 10.30 a.m., on Saturday 
at 6.30 a.m. 
La Brea and Cedros—On Saturday at 6.30 a.m., and on each alternate Thurs- 
day 6.30 a.m. 
Chacachacare and Monos — Saturday at 12. 

Toco, Nari'ca, Manzanilla, Mayaro and Tunire — On ^londay and Thursday 
at 3 p.m. 

Mails despatclied from San Fernando for 
Couva and Port -of -Spain — Tuesday at 7 a.m., Yfedncsday, Thursday and Fri- 
day at a quarter before 3 j) i^^i-j and Saturday at 5 p.m. 
La Brea and Cedros — Saturday and alternate Thursday at 9 a.m. 
From Diego Martin for Port-of-Spain — Daily at 8 a.m. (Sunday excepted). 
" Santa Cruz for Port-of-Spain — Daily at 3 p.m. (Sunday excepted). 
" Arima and Arouca for Port-of-Spain — Daily (Sunday excepted). 
" St. Joseph and St. Juan for Port-of- Spain — Daily (Sunday excepted). 
" Chaguanas for Port-oi-Sx^ain — Daily (Sunday excepted). 
" Oropouche for San Fernando — Daii}^ (Sunday excepted). 
" Cedros and La Brea for Port-of-Spain— Saturday and alternate Thursday. 
" Mayaro, Naiiva, Manzanilla J; Turure for Arima and Port-of Spain — Tues- 
day and Friday. 
" Chacachacare for Monos— Saturday. 

On the 7th or 8th (as the case may he) and the 23rd of each month, the 
Packet iJJails for Port-of-Spain will he closed at Arima at 3 p.m., Arouca 4 p.m., 
St. Joseph 5 p.m., and St. Juan bh p.m. 

PvATES or Passage by the Egyal Mail Steam Packets. 



S 



Antigua 

Barbados 2d 

Carriaeou 12 

Carthagena 90 

Colon 90 

Deraerara 35 

Dominica 30 

Grenada 10 



From Trinidad to 

Guadeloupe S 30 

Grey Town 100 

Havana 90 

Honduras 105 

Jacmel Q6 

Jamaica 75 

Martinique 25 

St. Juan Porto liico 50 



St. Kitts S 35 

St. Lucia 25 

Santa Martha 90 

St. Thomas 40 

St. Vincent 15 

Tampico 140 

Tobago !5 

Vera Cruz 135 



THE ISLAND OF TRINI^D. 193 

To or from Trinidad, and Southampton: 



Single After Cabin £75 15 

Double After Cabin* 38 10 

„ Outside 43 10 



Double Aft. Saloon Deck.... £33 
Main Deck 38 10 



Outside 

Return Tickets 25 per cent. off. 
* These rates are calculated for each berth. 



43 10 



Compagnie Generale Transatlantique. 

Intercolonial Service per Steamer " Cacique " — 

Arrives at Port-of-Spain on the 24th of each month— Leaves for Demerara on 

the 25th — Arrives from Demerara on the 7th, and leaves 

on the 7th of each month. 

European Rates of Passage: — 

Fii'st Cabin $185— Second Cabin S160— Thii^d Class $100. 

Intercolonial Rates: — 

Grenada— 1st Cabin $10— Second Cabin $5— Deck $2 50c. 

St. Vincent— First Cabin $15— Second Cabin $8— Deck $3 75c. 

St. Lucia, Martinique, or Guadeloupe — First Cabin $20— Second Cabin $10 — 

Deck $5. 
Demerara — First Cabin $10 — Second Cabin $5. 
Surinam Do. $15 Do. $7|. 

Cayenne Do. $15 Do. $7|. 



STEAMER JAiS^ET TENNANTr— 

Leaves Port-of-Spain, 

Monday at 2 p.m., Tuesday at 3 p.m., Wednesday at 11 a.m., Thursday 

(except Cedros days) at 11 A.M., Friday at II a.m., Saturday at 7 a.m. 

Leaves San Fernando, 

Tuesday at 7 a.m. and 6 p.m., Wednesday at 3 p.m., Thursday (except o^ 

Cedros day) at 3 P.M., Friday at 3 p.m., Saturday at 5 p.m. 

The Steamer goes to LaBrea, Irois, and Cedros every Saturday, also, every 

alternate Thursday, leading Port-of-Spain at 7 a.m., and San Fernando at 5 p.m. 

Fares : — 
From Port-of-Spain to Chaguanas 

„ „ Couva or Sandy Bay 

„ „ San Fernando .. 

„ „ LaBrea 

„ „ Cedros 

From Couva or Sandy Bay to San Fernando 

From San Fernando to LaBrea 

„ „ Cedi'os 

From LaBrea to Cedi'os 

„ Chaguanas to Couva 

J, ,j San Fernando .. 

„ „ LaBrea 

,, J, Cedros 

The same Fares returning. 

Excursion Tickets, to be used the same day. 

To and from LaBrea...$3 00 I To and fi'om Cedros... $5 GO. 



. Cabin $0 50 ■ 


Steerage 


$0 25 




1 00 


)j 


80 


• 5) 


1 00 


;> 


50 


„ 


2 00 


)> 


75 


JJ 


3 00 


5) 


1 25 




75 


5> 


30 


,, 


1 00 


J> 


50 


JJ 


2 00 


J) 


80 


• )> 


1 00 




50 


,, 


50 


>J 


25 


• 


70 


>> 


50 


• 


1 50 


J> 


75 


„ 


2 50 


)> 


1 00 



194 



HISTOmCAL AND STATISTICAL MEW OF 



SPANISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

Showing the proportion they bear to each other and those of England: — 

WEIGHTS. 

The Fanega 1 10 lbs. English I One Aroba 25 lbs. English 

The Quintal 100 fts. „ | Four Arobas 1 Quintal. 

MEASURES. 



Yaras. 

100 

2,500 



Estadale. 

1 
25 



Solare. 



1 



Varas. Estadale. Solare. Suirte. Fanega 
10,000 100 4 1 



40,000 400 16 



1 



English Inches. 
The Vara of Madrid 39,166 



English Inches. 
The Vara of Castiile 32,952 

Sevillo 33,127 

The measure used in surveying in Trinidad is the Quaree, containing 
18,526| Varas of Castiile, or 3 1-5 English acre; consequently, 100 Quarees 
are equal to 320 acres. 

The side of a square of a Quaree, or 3 1-5 English acres is equal to 373 8-11 
English feet, 408| Spanish do., 350 French do., or 136 ]-10 Spanish Varas. 
The weights and measures now used, and which are alone legal, are the 
standard vreights and measures of Great Britain. 



SECRETARIES OF STATE FOR THE COLONIAL AND WAR 
DEPARTMENT, FROM 1804 to 1854. 



1795 

1801 
1804 
1805 

1806 

1807 

1806 
1812 

1827 

1828 
1830 



Right Hon. Henry Dundas. 

Lord Hobart. 

Earl, late Marquess Camden. 

Viscount Castlereagh, late Mar- 
quess of Londonderry. 

Right Hon. W. Windham. 

Viscount Castlereagh, late Mar- 
quess of Londonderry. 

Earl of Liverpool. 

Earl Bathurst. 

Viscount Goderich. 

Right Ilon. W. Huskisson. 

Sir George Murray. 

Viscount Goderich, late Earl of 
Ripon. 



1833 
1834 

1835 
1839 



1841 
1845 

1846 

1852 



Right Hon. E. G. Stanley, now 
Earl of Derby. 

Right Hon. Thomas Spring Rice, 
now Lord Monteagle. 

Earl of Aberdeen. 

Right Hon. Charles Grant, now 
Lord Glenelg. 

Marquess of Normandy. 

Lord John Russell, now Earl 
Russell. 

Lord Stanley, now Earl of Derby. 

Right Hon. William Ewart Glad- 
stone. 

Earl Grey. 

Right Hon. Sir John S, Packing- 
ton, Bart. Duke of Newcastle. 



SECRETARIES OF STATE ROR THE COLONIES, 1854 to 1864. 



1854, June 10. Right Hon. Sir G. Grey, 

Bart. 

1855, Feby. Right Hon. Sidney Her- 

bert, afterwards Lord 
Herbert of Lea. 
1855, May 15. Lord John Russell, now 
Earl Russell. 
July 21. Right Hon. SirWiUiam 
Molesworth, Bart. 



1855, Nov. 17. Right Hon. Henry La- 
bouohere, now '^Lord 
Taunton. 

1858, Feb. 26. Lord Stanley. 

May 31. Right Hon. Sir Edward 
Bulwer Lytton, Bart. 

1859, June IS. Duke of Newcastle. 
1864, AprH 4 Right Hon. E. Cardwell. 



THE ISLAND OF TraXlDAD, 195 

UNDER-SECRETARIES OF STATE FOR THE COLONIES. 

1833 John Shaw Lefevre. 11849, May. T. F. Elliot. {Assidant 

1835, ApriL Sir George Grey, Bart. | Under-Secretary.) 

J. Stephen. {Permanent.)ilS51, Nov. Frederick PeeL 



1839, Feby. Right Hon. Henry La 
bouchere. [Subsequently 
Secretary.) 
Aug. Right Hon. Robert Ver- 



1852, Feby. Earl Desart. 

Deer. Frederick PeeL 
1855, April. John Bull. 
1857, ^lay. Chichester S. Fortescue. 



non Smith, now Lord 1858, Feby. Earl of Carnarvon. 



Lyveden. 
1841, Sept. George William Hope. 

1845, Jany. Lord Lyttelton. 

1846, July. Benjamin Hawes. 

1847, Nov. Herman Merivale. {Per- 

manent, in place of Sir 
James Stephen.) 



1859, June. Chichester S. Fortescue. 

1860, May. Sir F. Rogers, Bart, [Per- 

manent, in place of R. 
Merivale, Esq.) 
1865, Nov. William Edward Forster. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE FROM 1577 TO 1866:— 

1577 Don Jose de OruTia founded what he called the City of San 
Jose (St. Joseph). — 6 miles from Port-of-Spain. 

1584 Don Antonio de Barrero was appointed Governor of Trinidad. 
1 Feby., 1595 Sir Robt. Dudley in a vessel called the Bear, of 200 tons, 
together with 2 Caravels which he had captured off the 
island of Palma, entered the Gulf of Paria and landed at 
Trinidad where he remained 40 days, 
22 March, 1595 Sir Walter Raleigh entered the Gulf by the Serpent's Mouth 
with two sails ; they anchored off Punta de Gallo ; he after- 
wards caused his vessels to move further up the Gulf, and 
they anchored off Point La Brea where he caused his ves- 
sels to be newly payed with the pitch of the Lake. 

1596 Captain Lawi-ence Keymis touched at Trinidad. 

1644 The Society called the Santa Hermandad which existed since 
the first settlement of San Jose, was incorporated by a Royal 
Charter. 

1677 The Marquis de Mantenon, in the Sociere frigate, aided by 
some buccaneers, from the island of Tortuga, who had escaped 
from imprisonment at Cadiz, ravaged Trinidad ; their plun- 
der amounted to 100,000 pieces of eight. 
27 August, 1701 A Treaty was entered into between His Most Christian and 
His Most Catholic Majesty, by which it was agreed to allow 
the Royal Company of Guinea, established in France, to 
supply the Spanish Colonies with 48,000 slaves, commencing 
on the 1st May, 1702, at the rate of 4800 negroes per year. 
The inhabitants of the island, consequently, availed them- 
selves of the Treaty to obtain the number of slaves they re- 
quired. Several ship-loads were therefore landed at Trini- 
dad, and Cocoa began to be extensively planted. 



196 HISTOEICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

1716 Edward Tench, commonly called Black Beard, committed 

sad depredations in the Gulf of Paria. 
1725 The whole of the Cocoa Crop failed and the greater part of 

the Cocoa trees died. 

1730 Lieutenant Governor Colonel Don Bartolome de Aldunate y 

Rada was sworn in as Governor. 

1731 A small vessel, belonging to Teneriffe, with six sailors was 

driven to the island, she was laden with wine. 

1733 Lieutenant Governor Bartolome de Aldunate y Rada died, 

the Government was administered by Jose Orbaii and Pedro 
Ximenes, Alcaldes in Ordinary. 
1R33 A Census of the Island was taken and every free man's name 
was entered into the books of the Cabildo — it appears that 
there were 162 adult males, out of these 28 only were white. 
Indians were not considered inhabitants. No account is 
taken of the slaves. From these inhabitants a revenue of 
231 dollars was raised, a part of which was taken to pay the 
Caroni Guard, consisting of a Corporal and three Privates. 

1734 The Cabildo consisted of 2 Alcaldes, 3 Regidores, aProcurador 

General, an Alcalde of the Santa Hermandad, and a Qua- 
drillon, the Governor was the President. 
11 Octr., 1735 Colonel Estevan Simon de Lilian y Vera was appointed Cap- 
tain General of the Island. The Royal Revenue was this 
year 9737 reals (8 reals to the dollar). 

1739 A general meeting of the inhabitants took place to prevent 

the introduction of Small Pox then raging on the Continent. 

1740 The inhabitants petition their Sovereign to send them a Guard 

of 50 men in addition to the 20 stationed at the Caroni. 
1746 The Taxes made payable in provisions (see Tariff herein). 
19 June, 1746 The Treasury of the Island, counted by the proper officer; 
result 9735 reals plata ($1216 7 reals). 

1759 Colonel Pedro de la Moneda arrived as Go\ernor and took up 

his residence in Port-of-Spain. 

1760 A schoolmaster appointed to instruct the children of the Is- 

land at the following rates : Teaching the Alphabet, ~ real 
per month. Reading, 1 real. Writing and Arithmetic, 
lA real. 

1760 All weights and measures regulated by a particular Standard. 

1760 Order made that all boys of sufficient age be put apprentices 
to trades. 

1764 Great alarm respecting the small pox which was raging on 
the neighbouring continent. Guards of 4 men each were 
put at Point Gourde, Point Chaguaramas and Point LaBrea. 

1766 Monsr. Jacques D'Alburquerque appointed Surgeon of the island. 



THE ISLAND 0? TUlNlDAt). 197 

1774 The seat of Government temporary made in Port-of-Spain. 

1777 The island of Trinidad separated from the Vice-royalty of the 
New Kingdom of Granada, and added to the Captain Gene- 
ralship of Caracas. 

1780 The Cabildo empower the Alcalde of the first election to go to 
the French islands, and induce French and Irish settlers to 
come to Trinidad. 

1780 The Royal Cedula of Privilege granted by His Catholic Ma- 
jesty to encoiiaage foreigners to colonize this island, was 
ordered to be translated into French and English. 

1782 The Otaheite cane, the bread fruit tree, and the bamboo in- 

troduced into the island by St. H. Begorrat from Martinique. 

1783 Port-of-Spain permanently became the Capital of the island, 
' (21st August), and the Cabildo first held their sittings in that 

town. 
1787 M. Picot de Lapeyrouse established the first sugar estate in 
the island. 

1795 Freemason's Lodge, Les Freres Unis, founded by BenoitDertj 

who was the first W.M. 

1796 Sugar estates established at Tragarite and La Brea. 

1797 Charter granted from Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, and re- 

corded as No. 77, by Brother De Lannay. 

1798 William Hardin Burnley arrived in the colony, and in 1802 

took up his abode permanently and entered into mercantile 
transactions. In 1813 he was appointed a member of the 
Legislative Council. 
1 August, 1799 First Newspaper published in the island by M. Gallagher, en- 
titled The Trinidad Weeldy Courant. 
10 August, 1800 H.M. ship Dromedary wrecked on the Parasol Rock, north 
^ point of Huevas. 

1802 The Union Lodge, No. 60, under the registry of the Grand 

Lodge of Ireland, was opened by Brother Leonard, W.M. 
27 May, 1802 Mr. Canning moved for an address to His Majesty, praying 
him not to alienate any of the uncleared lands in Trinidad, 
unless upon the condition that they were not to be cultivated 
by negroes newly imported from Africa. 

1803 Freemasons' Lodge erected on Mount Moriah, and dedicated 

in 1804 by Brother Valentine de Basanta, W.M. 
12 Oct., 1806 192 men and one Chinese woman arrived in the Forti_ 

tude, Captain Hughes, from Macao. 
12 Oct., 1806 Right Honourable Milner Gibson born in Trinidad. 
24 March, 1808 Port-of-Spain destroyed by fire. £50,000 sterling voted by 

Parliament for the sufferers. 



198 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL TIEW 0? 

1808 Tlie Colonial Office appointed tlie first English jndge (Smith). 
26 Jan., 1809 The ship Samuel, Captain Sughrue, struck on the Diamond 

Hock, in the S.W. point of Chacachacare. 
1810 The Rev. T. Talboys formed the Wesleyan Society in the 

island. 

13 June, 1811 Mr. Marryat introduced two motions in the House of Com- 

mons—one to give the island British laws; the other, to 
grant Trinidad a British constitution. Both were lost with- 
out a division. 

26 March, 1812 Severe earthquake at Caracas, 80,000 inhabitants destroyed. 

27 April, 1812 A severe concussion of the earth, a tremulous noise in the air, 

and the bursting forth of a vast column of thick black ropy 
smoke from the volcano at St. Vincent, which darkened the 
air for several miles like a cataract of rain. 

14 June, 1813 Sir R. J. Woodford arrived as Governor. 

21 June, 1813 Minutes of the Cabildo ordered to be kept in English. 
I Jan., 1814 The English language first introduced into the tribunals of the 
island. 

15 Jan., 1814 Judge J. T. Bigge appointed Chief Justice. 

18 March, 1815 Foundation-stone of the church at St. Joseph's laid by Sir R. 

J. Woodford. 
26 March, 1816 Foundation-stone of the Roman Catholic Cathedral in Port-of- 

Spain laid by Sir R. J. Woodford. 
30 May, 1816 Foundation-stone of Trinity Church laid by Sir R. J. Wood- 
ford. 
1817 Trinidad visited with yellow fever, which was fatal. 
1817 Eastern Market finished. 
26 March, 1818 Church at St. Joseph's consecrated. 

26 April, 1818 £1,993 16s. sterling subscribed in the island and remitted to 
the Waterloo Association in London. 
1 May, 1818 The town of San Fernando destroyed by fire.*^ 

21 June, 1818 Judge Bigge left the island. 

1 June, 1818 Hon. Ashton Warner appointed Chief Justice. 
20 Dec, 1818 The Steamer Woodford first plied in the Gulf. 

1819 Vaccine introduced in the island, and Doctor Gumbs ap- 

pointed vaccinator. 

1820 The Botanical Garden commenced at St. Ann's under the di- 

rection of David Lockhart. Several plants were imported 
from the Botanical Garden of St. Vincent, and from Caracas. 
23 March, 1820 The Right Reverend Dr. Buckley, Roman Catholic bishop, 
arrived. 

22 April, 1820 Governor Woodford left the island on a tour through the West 

India islands. Lieut.-Colonel Young, 1st W. I. Regiment, 
administered the Government. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 199 

3 July, 1820 Governoi" Woodford returned. 

12 April, 1821 Governor Woodford left for England. Lieut. -Colonel Young 
administered the Government. 

20 July, 1822 The holidays of the several courts of the island reduced to 

four — New Year's Day, Good Friday, Corpus Christi, and 
Christmas Day. 

15 July, 1822 Mr. Hume made a motion in the House of Commons for ap- 

pointing a commission of inquiry to report on the state of 
the island of Trinidad. 

16 Sept., 1822 A proclamation signed this day at Carlton House, authorizing 

the levying of a legacy duty in Trinidad, the proceeds to be 

applied in building a hospital in Port-of-Spain. 
16 Sept., 1822 Edward Jackson, Barrister at-Law, admitted to practice at 

the Bar in this island. 
16 Jany., 1823 An order in Council promulgated, which made one of the 

hundred changes in the Tribunals of the island. 

18 Feby., 1823 Governor Woodford returned to the island. 

21 April, 1823 A school founded on the Madras system by the Cabildo. 

I May, 1823 The tread-mill introduced in the Royal Goal. 

25 May, 1823 (Trinity Sunday). Trinity Church consecrated with great 
pomp and ceremony. 
Octr., 1823 The Rev. George Cummins arrived. 

19 Jany., 1824 Henry Maddock, Fortunatus Dwarris, and Jabez Henry 

arrived as commissioners to inquire into and report on the 
titles of lands and the state of the laws of the island. 

21 Jany., 182-1 St. James's Barracks commenced. 
6 July, 1824 The commissioners, Maddock, Dwarris, and Henry, left the 
island. 

29 Jany., 1825 Bishop Coleridge arrived from Barbados. 

20 Sept., 1825 A severe shock of earthquake felt in the island, and which 

did much damage to the buildings in Portof-Spain and to 
Trinity Church. 
Sept., 1825 The Port-of-Spam Gazette first published. 

5 Jany., 1826 A Royal Proclamation was published, which removed certain 
vexatious regulations respecting the Free blacks and people 
of colour. 

2 March, 1826 The foundation-stone of the Wesley an Chapel laid in Han- 
over-street, Port-of-Spain. 

II June, 1827 St. James's Barracks finished at a cost of £80,000. 

11 Novr., 1827 The Wesleyan Chapel in Hanover- street opened for service 
by the Rev. S. P. Woolly. 

24 March, 1828 Bishop Buckly died, and was buried with great State forma- 
lities at the expense of the Colony. 



200 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OP 

1 April, 1828 Governor "Woodford left for Jamaica, and on his passage 
from that island to England in the transport Duke of York, 
he died, 16 May, 1828. 

9 March, 1829 Major-General Sir Lewis Grant arrived from the Bahamas, 
as Governor of Trinidad, accompanied by Admiral Fleming. 

21 June, 1829 The Right Rev. Dr. Daniel McDonnell, Roman Catholic 

Bishop, arrived. 
1830 The Repos Estate, St. Ann's, pm-chased by the Government 
for £1,744 14s. 4d. sterling. 
14 May, 1830 Governor Grant left for England. 

24 June, 1830 Heavy storm in Trinidad ; much damage done to the cocoa 
estates. 
4 Sept., 1830 Chief Justice Ashton Warner died. 
Novr., 1830 Governor Grant returned to the island. 
27 Deer., 1831 The first Legislative Council held under the new constitution. 
12 Feby., 1832 Chief Justice George Scotland arrived from Berbice. 

14 Feby., 1832 An Ordinance passed declaring the Habeas Corpus Act in force* 

1832 The Government made a grant of £1,500 sterling to the ^vidow 

of the late Chief Justice Warner. 

15 April, 1832 (Palm Sunday). The Roman Catholic Cathedi'al consecrated 

by Bishop McDonnell. 
10 June, 1832 The courts of the island again underwent organic changes. 
The court for the trial of criminal prosecutions appointed to 
meet in quarter sessions. 

22 April, 1833 Governor Sir G. F. Hill, Bart., arrived from St. Vincent and 

assumed the Government of the island as Lieut.-Governor. 
„ „ Governor Grant left the island. 

1833 The Honorable W. H. Burnly proceeded to England as dele- 

gate from the Island on the Emancipation Question. 
10 April, 1834 A number of Portuguese immigrants arrived from Madeira 
and Fayal. They were landed on the Lao Cuevas Estate, 
on the north side of the island, where the largest portion 
of them died after a very short residence. 

1836 The St. Joseph's Convent opened by Madame Marie de La 
Croix. 

1836 The Colonial Bank incorporated by Royal Charter. 

1836 The old theatre, Cambridge-street, subsequently the hospital, 
was opened as a Presbyterian place of worship. 

1836 Lady Hill died, and was buried at St. Ann's. Aged 69 years. 

1837 Small-pox introduced from Martinique. 
1837 The Presbyterian Chapel commenced to be built. 
1837 Mico School first established in Trinidad. 
1837 The Colonial Bank was opened under the management of the 

late A. Cumming, Esq. 



1 July, 


25 Sept., 


10 Feby., 


10 Feby., 


10 April, 


1 May, 


15 May, 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, 201 

IS June, 1837 Mutiny at St. Joseph's Barracks of some of the black soldiers 
of the 1st W. I. Regiment. Donald Stewart, William Sut- 
chell, Edward Cofhn, and Maurice Ogston tried by Court- 
martial ; Major Walker, 65th Regiment, being the Presi- 
dent of the Court, and on the 16th August, 1837, Stewart, 
Ogston and Coffin were executed, and Satchell transported 
for life. Major Harpour was Deputy Judge- Advocate. 
10 Deer., 1837 Dr. Smith consecrated Bishop of Agra by the Right Revd. 

Dr. McDonnell. 
21 Jany., 1838 The Presbyterian Chapel opened for Service. 
1 August, 1838 Great Britain emancipated her Slaves at a cost of £20,000,000 

sterling. 
7 March, 1839 Sir G. F. Hill, Bart., died, aged 77 years, and was buried 
at St. Ann's. 
13 Novr., 1839 The Matamora arrived from New York, with 225 immigrants, 
Jany., 1840 The Cabildo changed its name to that of " Town Council." 
1840 William Eccles arrived. 
12 April, 1840 Governor Macleod arrived. 

24 May, 1840 The Northerner arrived from Baltimore with 111 immigrants. 
9 June, 1840 The Isaac Franklin arrived from Baltimore with 122 immi- 
grants. 
17 June, 1840 The Belvidere arrived from Baltimore with 138 immigrants. 
June, 1841 William Rennie, Esq., succeeded Mr. Cumming as Manager 
of the Colonial Bank, 
23 Octr., 1841 Issue of West India Bank Notes. 

10 Jany,, 1842 The first Royal Mail steamer, the Tweed, arrived with the 
mails. 
1842 The Foundation-stone of St. Mary's Chapel, Tacarigua, was 
laid by Lieut.-Colonel Sir Charles Chichester, administering 
the Government. 
May, 1843 St. Mary's Chapel, Tacarigua, consecrated. 
10 June, 1843 An Ordinance for the establishing of the West India Bank 

was passed. 
30 June, 1843 2135 immigrants arrived from 1 January, present year, to 
date, from the other West India Islands. 
1 Feby., 1844 The establishment of a Penal Settlement in the island was 
brought forward in Council by the Governor, Sir Henry 
Macleod. 
15 Feby., 1844 The corner-stone of the Government buildings was laid by 
Governor Macleod, assisted by the members of the Legisla- 
tive Council. Inscription deposited in the stone : — " In the 
7th year of the reign of Queen Victoria, on the 15th Feb- 
ruary, in the year of our Lord 1844, the corner-stone of 



202 HISTORICAL AXD STATISTICAL YIEW OF 

these public buildings 'to be erected at tbe expense of tne 
;olorjj, rh., Government House, containing- the public 
oliices 01 the Judicial establishment t and Hail of Justices- 
laid by His ExceliencT- Col. bir Henry Macleod, K.ii. ;.: 
K.S.W., Goyernor. Architect, Rbliard 11 -J^eiis. Engi- 
neer ofiicer, Captain Claytor, U.± ": .c-j, G. de J.:; 
Sauvagere and A. A. Pierre." 

IC Octr.5 1S44 Trial by jury first introduced in the island. 

26 G:tr., 184-i Bishop" D. McDonnell died. 
4 t^ovT., 18 M Foundation-stone of All Saints Chapel laid by Lady Macleod. 

25 Deer., 1844 The Hon. Edward Jackson died. There is a melancholy satis- 

faction in the reflection that he ^Yas spared to witness the 
consummation of his wishes — the success of his labors for the 
introduction of English Law and Trial by Jury — he as 
Attorney General conducting the first Criminal Sessions 
under the new system. 

26 Deer., 1844 Fii'st cargo of ice arrived fi'om Boston, in the brig Allen King, 

to D. P. Cotton. 
12 May, 1 845 The Leper Asylum at Cocorite opened. 
30 May, 1345 The first cargo of Coolies arrived in the Tuttle Eozac from 

Calcutta. 
21 April, 1846 Governor Macleod left the island. 
29 Ax3ril, 1846 Lord Harris arrived as Governor. 

Nov., 1347 The West India Bank stopped pajmient. 
2 Nov., 1848 Government buildings opened by Lord Harris, prayers having 
been previously said in Trinity Chm'ch. 
Sept., 1849 Small-pox appeared in the island. 

1 Oct., 1849 Riot in Port of Spain. 

12 Oct., 1849 Geo. Wm. Knox appointed Chief JuLstice of the island. 

2 Nov., 1849 Hon. J. Stanley, now Lord Stanley, arrived in the Brigantine 

Porgy, Captain Jackson, from Demerara, and took up his 
residence at Chief Justice Knox's. 
3850 Bishop Smith consecrated as Archbishop of Port of Spain. 
C Jan., 1850 John Candler and Geo. W. Alexander, Quakers, arrived. 
4 Feb., 1850 The Earl of Dundonald arrived in the Wellesley. 
16 April, 1850 Lord Harris married to Miss Sarah Cummins, daughter of 

Archdeacon Cummins. 
14 IMay, 1850 The Imperial Customs abolished m Trinidad. 

1850 The Western Meat Market built at a cost of 3,595 dols. 
Sept., 1850 Small-pox prevailed in the island to a fearful extent ; the 
mortality was 10 per cent. 

27 Deer., 1850 The foundation stone of the Philanthropic Lodge No 585, was 

laid by Lord Harris, assisted by Daniel Hart, the Worshipful 
Master of the Lodge. 



THE ISLAND OF TEINIDAD. 



203 



29 Deer., 


1850 


9 Feb., 


1851 


3 Feb., 


1851 


12 June, 


1851 


24 June, 


1851 




1851 


28 Nov., 


]851 


12 Deer., 


1851 


8 Jan., 


1852 


6 May, 


1852 


23 Aug., 


1852 


6 March, 


1853 




1853 


Nov., 


1853 




1853 


23 Nov., 


1853 




1853 


26 Jan., 


1854 


10 March, 


1854 


14 March, 


1854 


80 Aug., 


1854 



1 Sept., 
6 Nov., 

1 June, 
9 Jan., 



1854 
1854 

1855 
1856 



29 May, 



1856 
1856 



The Hon, W. H. Burnley died aged 70 years. 

The Rev. Mr. Monaghan consecrated by Archbishop Smith 
as Bishop of Roseau. 

The Honorable George Canning Harris born at St. Ann's. 

Lord Harris left for England. 

The Philanthropic Lodge consecrated by the Worshipful 
Master, Uaniel Hart. 

A public library established. 

Convict labour yards established on the St. Joseph's-road and 
at Piccadillay. 

Lord and Lady T\Tiamcliff, the Hon. Miss "Wortly, and the 
Rev. Lord C. Hervey arrived. 

Sir E.. B. Clarke, Chief Justice of Barbados, arrived on a 
visit to the island. 

Archbishop Smith died. 

The Hon. Miss Harris born (Frances Charlotte). 

Lady Harris died at Barbados. 

The Town Council changed its name to " Borough Council." 

James Kavanagh the first elected Mayor of Port of Spain. 

Corner-stone of the Baptist Chapel laid. 

Bishop Spaccapietra arrived from St. Thomas. 

The Maraval water introduced into Port of Spain ; income 
from same, £1,800 per annum. (Vide the despatch of Gover- 
nor Elliot, dated 1 June, 1855.) 

Lord Harris left for England. 

Governor Sir C. Elliot arrived from Bermuda. 

The Baptist Chapel opened for service ; cost, $5,000. 

Cholera first made its appearance at No. 22, London-street, 
Port-of-Spain; it was declared to have ceased on the 25th 
Oct., 1854. The expense to the colony was £8,000. The 
loss was estimated at 6 per cent, on the population, esti- 
mated at 73,100, the loss was therefore, 4,386. 

San Fernando Jetty completed; cost, $6,600 — £1,375 Stg. 

T. Gordon, Esq. succeeded Mr. Rennie as Manager of the 
Colonial Bank. 

Penal Establishment established at Irois. 

The American Schooner Silver Key arrived, with diving 
apparatus for recovering articles from the sunken Spanish 
ships of war at the east end of Gasparillo Island : they 
obtained many articles, particularly guns, two of which, of 
brass, were purchased by Governor Elliot fur $800, and 
placed outside Government buildings. 

Hart's Cut was opened by Governor Elliot. 

Mr. Sawkins, the geologist, arrived. 



19 Jan., 


26 Jan., 


23 May, 


2 July, 


28 Jan., 


3 June, 


22 June, 


1 Sept., 


27 Sept., 


2 Jan., 


5 March. 


6 ]\Iay, 



204 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

36 Oct., 1856 Governor Elliot resigned the Government of the island and 
left for England, having been previously knighted and 
made a K.C.B. by Her Majesty. 

1857 Underground sewerage commenced. 

1857 Governor R. "W. Keate arrived. 

1857 San Fernando Licensed Prison opened. 

1857 Coolie Orphan Asylum opened; there is accomodation for 
eighty children. 

1858 Corner-stone of St. Michael's Chapel laid by Governor Keate. 
1858 St. Michael's Chapel consecrated by Bishop Parry. 
1858 The statue of Lord Harris inaugurated in the council room. 
1858 The Colonial Hospital, Port- of- Spain, opened by Governor 

Keate. 

1858 The Lunatic Asylum opened. 

1859 New wharf extension commenced, its annual cost being £6,000 
sterling. 

1859 The Cipero Tramroad opened. 

1859 The Provincial Grand Lodge of Freemasons opened; Daniel 
Hart being appointed by patent from the Earl of Zetland, 
M.AV.G.ISI., as Pi'ovincial Grand Master for the province of 
Trinidad, in which is included Grenada, St. Vincent, and 
St. Thomas. 
21 June, 1859 Bishop Spaccapietra left for Europe. 

21 Aug., 1859 The Hon. William Eccles died. 

7 April, 1860 Gos'ernor Keate left for England. 

7 April, 1860 J. Walker, Esq., C.B., administering the Government by 

commission, as Lieut.-Governor of the island. 
11 Sept., 1860 Governor Keate married in London to Miss Jemima Murray <^ 
daughter of Dr. T. ]Murray, of this island. 
1861 The Prince's Building erected at a cost of £12,000. 

22 Nov., 1861 Archbishop English arrived from England. 

March, 1862 Income-tax came into operation at the rate of lid in the pound. 
6 March, 1862 Charles Robert Keate born at St. Ann's. 
19 Sept., 1862 Archbishop English died at Grenada, and was buried in Tri- 
nidad, 10 October, 1862, and had a public funeral. 
22 Sept., 1862 Arima Licensed Prison opened. 
27 Jan v., 1863 Sta. Cruz Licensed Prison opened. 

March, 1863 Alex. Reid, Esq. succeeded T. Gordon, Esq., as IManager of 
the Colonial Bank. 
9 Feb., 1864 The Penal settlement at Irois broken up. 
22 March, 1864 His Grace Archbishop Goniu arrived from England. 
1 April, 1864 The London and Colonial Bank began business under the 
management of T. A. Finlayson, Esq. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 205 

22 ApriJ, 1864 Mrs. Moore, Quaker lady, delivered a lecture in the Wes- 

leyan Chapel. 
19 April, 1864 Admiral Sir J. Hope arrived in the Duncan. 
6 May, 1864< The first of the Liverpool line of steamers, the Plantagenet 
arrived. 

5 May, 1834 Viscount Massareene arrived. 

25 July, 1864 Major Thompson. 6th Regiment, Adm. Government. 
1 Aug., 1864 In consequence of a junction between the London and Colo- 
nial Bank, and the British and American Exchange Bank,, 
the name of the Bank was changed to the International 
Bank, (Limited). 

25 Aug., 1864 Notes first issued by the International Bank. 

6 Sept., 1864 The Hon. J. H. T. Manners-Sutton, Governor, arrived. 

28 Sept., 1864 A Public Ball given to His Excellency the Governor and 

The Hon. Mrs. Manners-Sutton. 
10 Oct., 1864 The Penal Settlement re-established at Irois. 

26 June, 1865 The continuation from the line of the Cipero Tramroad con- 

necting San Fernando with the line from the Mission, Sa- 
vanna Grande, was practically, if not formally, opened for 
general traflac. 
1 Jan., 1866 The International Bank (Limited) closed its business in the 
Island. 

10 March, 1866 His Honor Louis La Caze, Attorney General of St. Lucia, 
arrived and assumed the duties of Actg. Chief Justice of the 
island during the absence on leave of His Honor Judge Knox. 

24 April 1866 Governor Manners-Sutton left the Colony. 

24 April 1866 R. E. Rushworth, D.C.L., Lieut.-Governor. 

1866 There was no Full Moon in the month of February of this year. 



THE COLONIAL BANK. 

The following advertisement a^^pears in the Port of- Spain Gazette of the 
9th May, 1837:— 

The Colonial Bank will commence business in Trinidad, on the loth day of 
May, instant, \mder the management of Anthony Gumming, Esquire. 

By order of the Court of Directors, 

1st May, 1839. Mic McChlery, 

Manager of the Head Bank at Barbados, and 
Superintendent of its Branches. 



206 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL TIETV OF 

Local Bills and Notes of Hand, bearing two or more approved names 
will be discounted at th.e rate of 5 to 6 per cent, per annum, according to the 
time they have to run. No Bills having more than nine months to run will 
be discounted. 

Case Credits will be granted to parties on their Bond, jointly with two 
or more approved sureties, at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum on the sum in 
advance, and a moderate charge for keeping the accounts. 

Deposits will be received by the Bank, for which interest vnll be allowed 
according to the amount and time of deposit. 

The Establishment was Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1836. 

Capital, £2,000,000 sterling. 

London Office— No. 13, Bishopgate Street Within. 

Secretary — C. A. Calvert, Esq. 

London BanJcers — Messrs. Bamett, Hoare & Co. 

Superintendent- General of Br a?iches — Wm. Murray. 

Inspector.... Oscar Marescaux | Stib' Inspector A.J. Gibbon. 

Barbados Branch. 

Manager E. Carpenter. 

Accountant H. W. Hare (W. Howatson acting). 

CasJiier W. Howatson (T. J. Howell acting). 

Superintendent's Cleric ..W. C. Clarke. 

T. W. Howell. 
H. B. Murray. 
S. F. Inuiss. 
Clerks -^ E. M. Sanderson. 

A. C. Reiley. 
C. J. Fox. 
LG. S. Hobson. 

BLANCHES, MANAGEES. 

Trinidad A. Reid. 

Grenada .A. Richard. 

St. Vincent J. G. Coull. 

St. Lucia C. H. Major. 

Dominica T. D. Tench. 

Antigua W. K. Martin. 

St. liitt's J. F. Wylde. 

British Guiana — Demerara R. R. Cooke. 

Bcrbice A. C. AVood. 

Jamaica — Kingston Theodore Gordon. 

„ Montego Bay , G. L. Phillips & Bros. 

,, Falmouth Nuncs Brothers. 

,. Savanna-la-raar , Lcyden & Co. 

„ Aunotto Bay W. S. Chaplin, Esq. 

St. Thomas ••• O. Jones. 

St. Croix M. R. O'Maley. 



THE ISLAND OP THIXIDAD. 207 

Agencies. 

New York , Messrs Maitland, Phelps & Co. 

The Canadas and Newfoundland ...The? Bonk of British iVoith Anierica, 

II:ilifax, &e ■ .....Tha Halifax B.Uiking Ccnipany. 

lN8Tr Brunsw-'cli : . . Messrs. Kcbcrt iia^'.kin & v o. 

Havanr;r..h , ....Mes&rs. Adot, Spalding, & Co. 

The B.-iuch in this island, since the death of Mr. Anthony Camming, has 
been nnder the rtsr-'-j'h--^ T^^r.u-g-ement of ^.lessrs. Wiliiam Kennie, Theodore 
Gordon, A. iieid ana Oscar xviarasceaux. 



A TABLE OF REAL AND IMAGINARY MONEY. 



EXPL.INA'IION. 

By renl money is understood actual coin, representing in itself the value 
denominated thereby, as a guinea, &c. 

* This mark is x^refixed to the imaginary money, which is generally used in 
keeping accounts ; signifying a fictitious piece wiiich is not in being, or which 
cannot be represented but by several other pieces, as a pound sterling, &c. 
All fractions in the English value are parts of a penny. 
England and Scotland. 

£ 5. d, 
A Farthing =^ — — 0^ SO 00^ 

4 Farthings = — — 001 02 
12 Pence = a Shilling — 10 24 

5 Shilhngs = a Crown — 5 1 20 
10 Shillings = a Half- Sovereign 10 2 40 

20 Shillings = a Sovereign 10 4 80 
■ = a* Pound sterliug 10 4 80 

21 Shillings = a Guinea 110 5 04 



France. 










A Sol = — -- 





0* 





01 


A Franc, or li\Te, comprehending 100 centimes ) 
or 10 decimes = — — j 





9 





18 


5 Francs = — — 


3 


Of 





93 


6 Francs an Ecu = — — 


4 


8 


1 


12 


24 Francs a Loui^ d'Or — — 


18 


7 


4 


46 



The Kingdom of the Netherlands. 

A Cent = 

A Stiver ^ = 

A Quarter-Florin = 
A Gilder or Florin = 

2 Florins and a half = 

3 Florins (^'3 Stivers = 
10 Florins = 
14 Florins = 
20 Florins = 



— — 








7-32 


— — 








11-20 


— — 








5 5-16 


— — 





1 


9^ 


a Rix-doUar 





4 


^k 


a Ducatoon 





o 


7 


a Gold coin 





17 


8^ 


a Rvder 


1 


4 


9^ 


a Gold Ducat 


1 


15 


5 



208 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

HAMBURG, AND THE NORTH OF GERMANY. 



A Schilling 
16 Schillings 

3 Marks 

4 Marks 

A Ducat (gold) 



11 

a Mark 16 

a Rix- dollar 4 6 

a Ducatoon 6 

11 3 



The kingdom of PRUSSIA, and the grand duchy of the LOWER RHINE. 



A Groschen j_ 




— — 





1 


5 Groschen = 




a Florin 


1 


1 


3 Florins = 




a Dollar 


3 


3 


4 Florins := 




a Rix-doUar 4 


4 


8 Florins = 




a Ducat 


8 


8 


A Frederic d'Or = 




ANOVER. 


17 


4 


THE KINGDOM OF H 




16 Groschen __ 




a Florin 


2 


2 


A Florin and-a-half _^ 


... 


a Dollar 


3 


3 


2 Florins ^ 


... 


a Rix-dollar 4 


4 


2 Dollars _ 


... 


a Gold-coin 


6 


6 


5 Dollars _ 


... 


aGeorged'OrO 16 


3 



N.B. — In the kingdom of Saxony the coins, except the last, are of the 
same value and denomination. In the kingdom of Wurtemberg, 28 schillings 
make a rix-florin (2s. 6d.), and a florin and-a-half make a rix dollar. In Ba- 
varia, beside the silver coin, a Carolin d*or is used, equivalent to ten florins 
and 42 kreutzers, or rather more than a pound sterling. In Austria, the florin 
is about Is. lid, and the gold coins are ducats emd souverains, the former being 
four florins and-a-half, and the latter six florins and two-thirds. Groschen, 
florins, rix-dollars, and ducats, are the prevailing coins in Austrian and Prus- 
sian Poland 5 but, in the Russian division, the coins of that empire are also 
current. 

RUSSIA. 



Copeck __ 

100 Copecks ^ 

A Gold-coin of ten roubles 



a rouble 



A Skilling 
4 Skillings 
4 Marks 
3 Dollars 
A Ducat 



Sweden and Norway. 

a silver Mark 
a Dollar 
a Rix-geld 



013-2 

3 3 

1 12 6 



n 

6 
6 
9 



the island of trinidad. 
Denmark. 



209 



1 Skiiling 
16 Skillings 
4 Marks 
6 Marks 
A Ducat 



A Kreutzer = 

60 Kreutzers = 

2 Florins and a half= 



*a Mark 
a Crown 
a Rix-doUar 


£0 







. 




3 

4 
9 


946 

9 



6 








Switzerland. 












a Florin 
a Mark 








2 
6 


6 
3 


$1 


1 cent. 
60 „ 
50 „ 



Italy. 



In most parts of tliis country, the lira, wliich is no real coin, is used in 
pecuniary calculations. It consists of 20 soldi, or 240 denari ; but, as these 
are not the same in all the states, it is about sixpence in some parts, and eight 
pence in others. A Venetian ducat contains six lire and a quarter ; a Milanese 
Jilippo, seyenlire; a zechin is usually equivalent to nine shillings: a scudio 
of Eome is about 4s. 3d. ; that of Piedmont is higher, as is also that of Tus- 
cany. The Neapolitan carlino is four-pence, and the ducat comprehends 100 
grant, or 3s. 6d ; while an oncetta amounts to three ducats. A pistole \aries 
from 15 to 16 shillings. 



2 Maravedis 
17 Ochavos 
32 Ochavos 

8 Reals 
10 Reals 
* A Ducat 
A Pistole 
A Doubloon 



*ARe 

20 Res 

480 Res 

50 Vin terns 
6400 Res 



Spain. 










an Ochavo 





23-136 






a Real de Velon 





2 f 






a Real de Plata 





5 i 






* a Piastre 


3 


4 


S 


80 


a Dollar (pillar) 


4 


2 


1 


00 


— — 


4 


9 


1 


14 


— — 


16 


3 


3 


90 


"— ~— 


3 4 





15 


36 


Portugal. 




-- -_ 





27-400 






a Vintem 





17-20 






a Crusade 


2 


8 






a Milre (1000 Res) 


5 


7 






a Joannes 


r 15 


8 2-3 







210 



eiSTORICAL AND STATISTICAL Vl£W Ot 



An Asper 
A small Piastre 
80 Aspers 
A Zechia 



Turkey. 


£0 







— __ 


3-6 


, 





1 


7 


a Grand Piastre 





4 





— — 





8 


8 



Persia. 



A Shahi 
A Mamouda 
4 Shahis 
60 Abbassis 



an Abbassi 
a Toman 

India. 



4 

8 

14 

3 6 8 






U 


3 cents 


2 





48 „ 


7 


6 


$1 80 „ 


1 10 





7 20 „ 



An Ana = — — 

16 Anas = a Rupee 

3| Ptupees = a Pagoda 

15 Rupees = a Mohur 

N.B. — In China rupees are also current, besides dollars and crowns ; and a 
mace passes for eigbt-pence, ten of which make a tale. In Japan, fifteen 
maces, at four-pence each, make an ounce of silver ; and thirty, an ingot j and 
pieces of gold are used, each weighing an ounce. 



EgtpTc 



3 Aspers 
10 Medines 
30 Medines 
200 Aspers 



a Medine 
a Ducatello 
a Griscio 
a Sultanin 



12-3 

1 4 2-3 

4 2 

9 3 



The States of Barbary. 



A Blankil 

20 Blankils 

53 Blankils 

100 Blankils 



A Cent 
100 Cents 
Double Eagle 
Eagle 
Half-Eagle 
Quarter Eagle 
Gold Dollar 



__ . 


2 


a Silver Zechin 


3 4 


a Gold Zechin 


8 10 


a Pistole 


16 8 



The United Seates of America. 



1 Dollar 






017-32 






4 


2 


$ 1 


00 


4 2 





19 


68 


2 1 





9 


84 


1 


6 


4 


92 


10 


3 


2 


46 


4 


1 





98 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 

CALCULATION OF FEANCS, 

REDTTCED INTO DOLLARS AND CENTS, YALTJE OF 

18 6-10 CENTS PER FRANC, 

AS FIXED BY LAW. 



211 



Francs. 


% cts. 


Francs. 


$ cts. 


Francs. 


$ cts. 


Francs. 


% cts. 


1 


19 


39 


7 25 


11 


14 32 


1600 


297 60 


2 


37 


40 


7 44 


78 


14 51 


1700 


316 20 


3 


56 


41 


7 63 


79 


14 69 


1800 


334 80 


4 


74 


42 


7 81 


80 


14 88 


1900 


353 40 


5 


93 


43 


8 00 


81 


15 07 


2000 


372 00 


6 


1 12 


44 


8 18 


82 


15 25 


2100 


390 60 


7 


1 30 


45 


8 37 


83 


15 44 


2200 


409 20 


8 


1 49 


46 


8 56 


84 


15 62 


2300 


427 80 


9 


1 67 


47 


8 74 


85 


15 81 


2400 


446 40 


10 


1 86 


48 


7 93 


86 


16 00 


2500 


465 00 


11 


2 05 


59 


9 11 


87 


16 18 


2600 


483 60 


12 


2 23 


50 


9 30 


88 


16 37 


2700 


502 20 


13 


2 42 


51 


9 49 


89 


16 bb 


2800 


520 80 


14 


2 60 


52 


9 67 


90 


16 74 


2900 


539 4a 


15 


2 79 


53 


9 86 


91 


16 93 


3000 


558 00 


16 


2 98 


54 


10 04 


92 


17 11 


3100 


576 60 


17 


3 16 


56 


10 23 


93 


17 30 


3200 


595 20 


18 


3 35 


56 


10 42 


94 


17 48 


3300 


613 80 


19 


3 53 


57 


10 60 


95 


17 67 


3400 


632 40 


20 


3 72 


58 


10 79 


96 


17 86 


3500 


651 00 


21 


3 91 


59 


10 97 


97 


18 04 


3600 


669 60 


22 


4 09 


60 


11 16 


98 


18 23 


3700 


688 20 


23 


4 28 


61 


11 35 


99 


18 41 


3800 


706 80 


24 


4 46 


62 


11 53 


100 


18 60 


3900 


725 40 


25 


4 65 


63 


11 72 


200 


37 20 


4000 


744 OO 


26 


4 84 


64 


11 90 


300 


55 80 


4100 


762 60 


27 


5 02 


65 


12 09 


400 


74 40 


4200 


781 20 


28 


5 21 


66 


12 28 


500 


93 00 


4300 


799 80 


29 


5 39 


67 


]2 46 


600 


111 60 


4400 


818 40 


30 


5 58 


68 


12 65 


700 


130 20 


4500 


837 00 


31 


5 77 


69 


12 83 


800 


148 80 


4600 


855 60 


32 


5 95 


70 


13 02 


900 


167 40 


4700 


874 20 


33 


6 14 


71 


13 21 


1000 


186 00 


4800 


892 80 


34 


6 32 


72 


13 39 


1100 


204 60 


4900 


911 40 


35 


6 51 


73 


13 58 


1200 


223 20 


5000 


930 00 


36 


6 70 


74 


13 76 


1300 


241 80 


5100 


948 60 


37 


6 88 


75 


13 95 


1400 


260 40 


5200 


967 20 


38 


7 07 


76 


14 14 


1500 


279 00 


5300 


985 80 



212 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW 0? 



EXCHANGE AT 25 FRANCS 25 CENTIMES PER ONE POUND 

STERLING. 



ngli 


sh Money Converted into French 


French. Money Converted into English 








Money. 










Money. 






£ 


s. 


d. 




Fr. 


Cents. 


Fr. 


Cents. 


£ 


s. 


d. 








1 


... •>• 





10-52 





05 








0-47 








2 


... .(. 





21-03 





10 








0-95 








3 


•.. 





31-56 





20 








4-90 








4 


, 





42-08 





25 








2-37 








5 


... ••• 





52-60 





50 








4-75 








6 








63-12 


1 


00 








9-50 





1 








1 


26-25 


2 


00 





1 


7-00 





2 





... ... 


2 


52-50 


3 


00 


... ... 


2 


4-50 





3 





... ..« 


3 


78-75 


4 


00 





3 


2-00 





4 





... ... 


5 


05-00 


5 


00 





3 


11-50 





5 





, 


6 


32 25 


10 


00 





7 


11-00 





10 





..* .«« 


12 


62-50 


25 


00 





19 


9-50 


1 











23 


25-00 


25 


25 


1 





00-00 



English. 



French. 



1 Pint 
1 Quart 
1 Gallon 
1 Bushel 
1 Quarter 



Cubic inches. 

or 34,659 
„ 69,318 
„ 277,274 
„ 2,218,192 
„ 17,745,536 



Litres. 
567 
.. 1135 
.. 4543 
.. 36,347 
.. 290,781 



1 Inch 2540 Centimetres. 

1 Foot 3047 Decimetres. 

1 Yard ... 91,438 Ditto. 

1 Furlong 220 yards 201,164 Metres. 
1 Mile, 1760 yards 1,609,314 Do. 



1 Square Yard 
1 Perch 
1 Rood 
1 Acre 



0836 Metre Carre. 
25,292 Ditto. 
10,117 Ares. 
0405 Hectares. 



1 Cubic Foot 0028 Stere. 

1 load of Hewn Tim- 
ber 50 cubic feet. 1415 Ditto. 

1 load of Rough Tim- 
ber 40 cubic feet. 1132 Ditto. 



Avoirdupois. 
1 Pound 
1 Qr. 28 lbs. 
1 Cvvt. 112 lbs. 
1 Ton 20 Cwt. 



Kilogrammes. 

454 

12,699 

50,796 

1,015,920 



English. 

. Troy. 
1 Grain 
1 Pennyweight or 

24 grains 
1 Ounce or 20 

penyweight 



French. 

0065 Gramme. 
1555 Grammes. 
31,000 Ditto. 



1 Pound 12 ounces 373,200 Ditto. 



French. 

Pints. 
1 Litre 1760 

1 Dicalitre 17,607 
1 Hectolitre 176,070 

1 Metre 
1 Decametre 
1 Hectometre 
1 Kilometre 
1 Myriametre 



English. 

Cubic inches^ 

r 61,028 

610,280 

„ 6,102,802 

39.371 inches. 
32,809 feet. 
328,091 do. 
1,093,639 yards. 
10,936,389 yards 
or 6 miles fur- 
long 28 poles. 



1 Arc 119,604 square yards. 

1 Decare 1,196,064 Ditto. 

1 Hectare 11,960,460 Ditto., or 
1 rood 35 perches. 

1 Stere (cucic metre) 35,317 cubic feet. 
1 Decastere 353,171 Ditto, 



THS Island oj* tkI^'IBai). 513 

Comparative Table of English and French "Weights & Measures.— Contd. 



French. 



1 Kilogramme 
1 Myriagramrae 
1 Quintal (100 kilos) 
1 Ton (1000 kilos) 



English. 

Avoirdupois. 

2205 lbs. 

22,055 lbs. 

220,550 lbs. 

2,205,500 lbs. 



French. 



1 Gramme 
I Decagramme 
1 Hectogramme 
1 Kilogramme 



English. 

Troy. 
15,434 grains 
154,340 do. 
1,543,400 do. 
15,434,000 do. 



50 Kilogrammes... 

1 Hectolitre 
22 English Gallons 
3048 Metres 

4 Kil (1 Post Leag) 



110,275 lbs. Avoirdupois. 

2750 Bushels. 

1 Hectolitre. 

110 English feet. 

2485 English miles. 



6760 Grains Troy make 1 Pound Troy, and 7000 Grains Troy make 1 Pound 
Avoirdupois; hence 175 lbs. Troy are equal to 144 lbs AToirdupois. 

N.B. — The English Weights and Measures above mentioned are Imperial 
Standard. 



LENGTH OF A MILE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. 



There is scarcely a greater variety in anything than in this sort of measure, 
not only those of separate countries differ, as the French from the English, but 
those of the same country vary in the different provinces from each other, and 
from the standard. Thus the common English mile differs from the Statute 
mile, and the French have three sorts of leagues. 

The English statute mile consists of 5280 feet, 1760 yards, or 8 furlongs^ 

The Russian verst is little more than f of an English mile. 

The Scotch and Irish mile is about 1| English. 

The Dutch, Spanish, and Polish is about 3^ English. 

The German is more than 4 English. 

The Sweedish, Danish, and Hungarian is from 5 to 6 English. 

The French common league is near 3 English. 

The English marine league is 3 English miles. 



214 HISTOBICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

TEINIDAD. 

William the Fourth, by the Grace of God, of the United 
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King, Defender 
of the Faith, and so forth. 

A PROCLAMATION. 

I. WHEREAS by Our Commission of Letters Patent under the Great Seal 
of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at West- 
minster, the Twenty-third day of April, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand 
Eight Hundred and Thirty-one, and in the First Year of Our Reign, We did 
constitute and ajppoint our trusty and 'well-beloved Lewis Grant, Major- 
General of Our Forees, to be Our Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and 
over Our Island of Trinidad with its Dependencies and all Forts and Garrisons 
erected and established within the same ; and We did thereby declare Our 
will and pleasure to be. That there should be established within the Island of 
Trinidad a Council of Government, and that our said Governor, with the advice 
and consent of Our said Council of Government, should have full power and 
authority to make, enact, ordain, and establish Laws for the order, peace, and 
good government of Our said Island, subject nevertheless to all such Rules and 
Regulations as by Our general Instructions to Our said Governor might be 
ordered and prescribed in that behalf: And whereas We did, in and by Our 
general Instructions to Our said Governor given at Our Court at St. James's 
and dated the Twenty-fifth day of April in the said year of Our Lord One 
Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirty-one, declare Our will and pleasure to be^ 
That the said Council of Government should always consist of twelve Persons, 
of whom six should at all times be Persons holding Offices within the said 
Island at Our pleasure, and the remaining six should at all times be Persons 
not holding any sucn Office : And that the Chief Judge, for the time being, 
of Trinidad, the Colonial Secretary, for the time being, the Attorney-General 
and Public Prosecutor, for the time being, the Colonial Treasurer, for the time 
being, the Protector of Slaves, for the time being, and the Collector of Customs, 
for the time being, should be such six Official Members, as aforesaid ; and that 
any Person lawfully executing the Duties of the said several Offices or any of 
thera, during the absence or suspension, or incapacity, or upon the death or 
resignation of any such Officers, should, during their performance of any such 
Duties, be the Official Members of the said Council as fully and eflPectually as 
though they had been by Us appointed to such their Offices : And that 
William Burnley, Francisco Llanos, Francis Peschier, Henry Mur- 
ray, Joseph Peschier, and Robert Neilson, Esquires, should be the first 
or original unofficial Members of the said Council, and should respectively hold 
their places therein during Our pleasure ; and that upon the death, incapacity, 
absence from the said Island, suspension or resignation of any of the said un- 
official Members of the said Council, Our said Governor was thereby authorized 
and empowered to nominate and appoint, by a Commission to be for that 



I 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. ^iB 

^tirpose issued unrler the Public Seal of Our paid Island, ar.y fit and proper 
Person or Persons to lill any sucli vacancy or vacancies in the said Coimcil 
until Our pleasure should be known. 

II. And We did thereby declare Our further Tvill and pleasure to be, That 
all Laws to be enacted by the said Council of Government should thenceforth 
be styled Ordinances enacted by the Governor of Trinidad, with the advice and 
consent of the Council of Government thereof; and that no other style or form 
should thenceforth be observed in any such enactments 

III. And We did thereby further declare. That when any Ordinance should 
be passed by Our said Governor, with the advice of the said Council of Go- 
vernment, the same should forthwith be laid before Our said Governor and 
transmitted to Us for Our final assent, disallowance, or other direction there- 
upon, to be signified through Our said Governor ; and that no such Ordinance 
should be made to take efi*ect until Our pleasure thereupon should be first 
known and signified to Our said Governor, and by Our said Governor to the 
Inhabitants of the said Island, except only in cases of Ordinances for raising 
the annual supplies for the service of the said Island, and in other cases in Our 
said Instructions more particularly mentioned. 

IV. And full power and authority was thereby reserved to Us, Our Heirs^ 
and Successors, to confirm and finally enact or to disallow any Ordinance 
which might be passed by our said Governor, with the advice and consent of 
the said Council, such confirmation or disallowance being from time to time 
signified to Our said Governor, through one of Our Principal Secretaries of 
State. 

V. And with the advice of Our and Their Privy Council, full power and 
authority was thereby further reserved to amend any such Ordinance as afore- 
said, in ^such manner as might be necessary or expedient. And if on any 
occasion Our pleasure should not be signified to Our said Governor upon such 
Ordinance, as aforesaid, within two Years next after the date thereof, then, 
and in every such case, it was Our pleasure that from and after the expiration 
of such term of two Years, sueh Ordinance should be deemed to be disallowed, 
and should thenceforth cease to have any force or effect within Our said 
Island. 

VI. And Our said Governor was thereby enjoined and commanded not to 
propose or assent to any Ordinance whatsoever, by which Persons of African 
birth or descent might be subjected or made liable to any disabilities or restric- 
tions to which Persons of European birth or descent were not also subjected 
and made liable. 

VII. And our said Governor was further enjoined and commanded not to 
propose or assent to any Ordinance whatever for the naturalization of Aliens, 



"116 SlStoniCAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW 0^ 

or for the divcrce of Persons joined together in holy matrimony, or for estab^ 
iishing a title in any Person to Lands or other immoveable property acquired 
by any Alien before his or her naturalization^ 

VIII. And full power and authority was thereby given and granted to Our 
said Governor, as he should see occasion, in Our name and on Our behalf to 
remit any Fines, Penalties, or Forfeitures which might accrue or become pay- 
able to Us, so as the same did not exceed the sum of Fifty Pounds Sterling in 
any one case ; and to respite or suspend the payment of any such Fine, Penalty, 
or Forfeiture exceeding the said sum of Fifty Pounds, until Our pleasure 
therein should be known and signified to Our said Governor. 

IX. And full power and authority was also given and granted unto Our said 
Governor, as he should see occasion, in Our name and in Our behalf, to grant 
to any offender convicted of any crime in any Court or before any Judge, Justice, 
or Magistrate within Our said Island, a free and unconditional pardon, or a 
pardon subject to any conditions as by any Law in force in the said Island 
might be thereunto annexed ; or any respite of the execution of the sentence 
of any such oflPender for such period as to Our said Governor might seem fit : 
Provided always, that in cases of Treason or Murder no pardon, either absolute 
or conditional, should be granted until the case should have been first reported 
to Us by Our said Governor for Our information, and Our said Governor should 
have received the signification of Our pleasure thereon. 

X. And Our said Governor was further ordered, required, and enjoined to 
transmit to the Chief Judge of the Court of Civil and Criminal Justice of the 
said Island, to be enrolled in the said Court of Justice, a transcript duly au- 
thenticated in the manner mentioned in Our said Instructions, of every Ordi- 
nance to be passed by Our said Governor, with the advice and consent of the 
said Council of Government, together with a Certificate under his Hand and 
Seal of the effect of every Order which Our said Governor might receive from 
Us for confirming or disallowing, in the whole or in part, or for amending the 
provisions of any such Ordinances, which Certificates should in like manner be 
enrolled in the said Court of Justice, and there remain on record, to the intent 
that the Judges of the said Courts might, without further or other proof, take 
cognizance of all Ordinances to be made and promulgated for the peace and 
good order and government of the said Island. 

XL And whereas "We have deemed it expedient that the several parts and 
portions of Our said Commission and general Instructions hereinbefore set forth 
should be made known to Our loving Subjects within the said Island of Trinidad 
and its Dependencies : We do therefore hereby Publish, Proclaim, and Declare 
the same for the information and guidance of Our said loving Subjects. 

XII. And We do herehj require and command all Officers, Civil and Military, 
and all other Our Subjects and Persons inhabiting Our said Island of Trinidad 



THE ISLAND OF TMNIDAD. 



217 



and its Dependencies, to be obedient, aiding, and assisting unto Our said Go- 
vernor, or to the Officer administering tbe said Government, for the time be- 
ing, in the execution of Our said Commission and of the powers and authorities 
therein contained, and the Instructions herein-before mentioned. 

Witness, Our trusty and well-beloved Sir Lewis Grant, Knight 
Commander of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order, Major -General in Our 
Army, Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over Our said Island of Tri- 
nidad and its Dependencies, Vice-Admiral thereof, and given under the Great 
Seal of Our said Island, at the Government House, in the Town of Port-of- Spain, 
this Fifth day of January, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hun- 
dred and Thii'ty-two, and in the Second Year of Our Reign. 

LEWIS GRANT. 
By His Excellency's Command, 

FREDERICK HAMMET, 

Secretary. 
God sate the King ! 



THE WEST INDIES. 



The West India Islands and Settlements lie in the form of a bow or simi- 
circle, stretching almost from the Coast of Florida in the North, to Guiana in 
the South. Some call the Islands the Caribbees from the original inhabitants 
— 'though this is a term which most geographers confine to the Leeward Is- 
lands. Mariners distinguish them into the Windward and Leeward Islands — 
they are also denominated as the Antilles. 



Cayenne, in Guiai] 


a, French Settlement. 


Honduras, 


Settlement 


, Britis 


Surinam, do., 


Dutch 


do. 


Jamaica, 


Island, 


do. 


Guatamala, Central America, do. 


Bahamas, 


Islands, 


do. 


Venezuela, South America, 


do. 


Virgin Islands, 


do., 


do. 


Cuba, 


Island, 


Spanish, 


Anguilla, 


Island, 


do. 


St. Domingo, 


do.. 


Republic. 


St. Kitts, 


do.. 


do. 


Puerto Rico, 


do., 


Spanish. 


Nevis, 


do., 


do. 


Crab Island, 


do.. 


— 


Montserrat, 


do., 


do. 


St. Thomas, 


do., 


Danish. 


Antigua, 


do., 


do. 


St. John's 


do., 


do. 


Barbuda, 


do., 


do. 


St. Croix, 


do., 


do. 


Dominica, 


do.. 


do. 


Guadeloupe, 


do., 


French. 


St. Lucia, 


do., 


do. 


Marigalante, 


do., 


do. 


St. Vincent, 


do., 


do. 


Saba, 


do., 


Sweed. 


Grenada, 


do., 


do. 


St. Martin, 


do., 1 


Dutch and 
French. 


Tobago, 
Barbados, 


do., 
do., 


do. 
do. 


St. Bartholomew, 


do.. 


Sweed. 


Berbice, ) British ) Settlement, do. 


St. Eustatius, 


do., 


Dutch. 


Demerara, j Guiana do. 


do. 


Cura9oa, 


do.. 


do. 


Trinidad, 


Island, 


do. 


Bon Air, 


do., 


do. 








Oruba, 


do.. 


do. 








Margarita, 


do.. 


Venezuela. 









218 HISTOEICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

The Government of Antigua consists of Antigua, Barbuda, Anguilla, the 
Virgin Islands, Dominica, Montserrat, Nevis and St. Kitts. 

The Government of Barbados consists of Barbados, Tobago, Grenada, St. 
Vincent and St. Lucia. 

The Government of Jamaica consists of Jamaica and Honduras. 

The Government of Demerara consists of Demerara and Berbice. 

The Government of St. Croix consists of St. Croix, St. John and St. Thomas. 

The Government of Guadeloupe includes the Island of Marigalante. 

The Island of Santo Domingo is divided in Government between the Hay- 
tiens on the "West and the St. Domingians on the East. 

The Island of Margarita is under the Government of Venezuela. 

The Government of Curacoa consists of Cura9oa, Oruba, and Bon Air. All 
the others are separate Governments. 

ANTIGUA, (Bkitish.) 

An island situated in W. long. 60° 45', and N. lat. 17° 6'. It is about 54 
miles in circumference. 

Antigua was discovered by Columbus in 1493, who named it after a church 
in Seville, called Santa Maria La Antigua. It was first inhabited by a few 
English in 1632. In 1663, Charles 11. made a formal grant of this island to 
Lord Willoughby, who sent out a large number of colonists. After an inter- 
val of French occupation, it was declared a British possession by the Treaty 
of Breda, 1666. The Governor-in-Chief of tha Leeward Islands resides at St. 
John's, the chief town in Antigua. There are no rivers, and few springs in 
in this island, and consequently it is exposed to frequent draughts. Area 47 
square miles. 

The Constitution consists of a Governor, aided by an Executive Council, the 
members of which are appointed by the Crown ; a Legislative Council, also 
appointed by the Crown ; and a House of Assembly, consisting of 27 members 
elected by the various parishes. In addition to these bodies the Governori 
by an Act of the Local Legislature passed in 1859, is assisted by an Adminis- 
trative Committee selected by himself, one member from the Legislative 
Council and two from the Assembly ; they hold office during pleasure. The 
duties of the Committee are to assist the Governor in preparing the annual 
estimates, in collecting and disbursing public monies, and in the general ad- 
ministration of the Finances of the Colony ; they form a Board of Audit of 
Public Accounts, and are the official organs of communication between the 
Governor and the Legislative Chambers. The powers of the Committee exist 
in and out of Session, and also during a dissolution of the House of Assembly. 
As early as 1632, a few English families took up lands in this island and 
began the cultivation of tobacco ; among these was the son of Sir Thomas 
Warner, whose descendants still possess considerable property in the island: 
one of them, Ashton Warner, having been in 1787, President of the Council, 
and Commander-in-Chief in the absence of the Governor. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 219 

±1^ j..i...^.j^u,i ixiid only port of entry is St. John's, on the West part of the 
island ; on the South side are the harbours of Falmouth aad English Harbour. 
At the latter the Royal Mail Steamers call for delivery and receipt of letters. 
It is 12 miles from St. John, and very fine and extensive buildings are 
yet to be seen ; they were originally erected for the convenience of the British 
Army and Navy, but are now unoccupied. On a rising to the north- 
ward of English Harbour is the Country dwelling of the Governor General — 
Clarence House ; it was built as a residence for the Admiral of the Sta- 
tion. The roads throughout the island are good, and a ride or a drive 
shows what it was and what it is now. Large tracts of abandoned 
land are to be seen in all directions. The Town, although kept clean, yet was 
never laid cut with any order ; very many of the houses are in a dilapidated 
state. The inhabitants are not only intelligent but extremely hospitable and 
kind-hearted. Of late business has very much decreased, and, alike the other 
small colonies, everything is depressed. The products of the island which are 
principally sugar, rum, and molasses, have also greatly diminished. The 
Revenue of 1864 amounted to £36,172, and the Expenditure £36,127. The 
value of the Imports and Exports of 1864 were : the former £178,789, the 
latter £79,533. The total population of the island amounts to 36,412. The 
total quantity of i)roduce exported in 1863 was 13,588 hogsheads sugar, 940 
puncheons rum, and 5987 puncheons m,olasses. In addition to the established 
revenue of the Colony, there are special funds raised for the support of the 
Established Church ; for the introduction of Immigrants ; and for the mainte- 
nance of the Militia. The first British Governor was in 1G68, (Lord Wil- 
loughby, of Parham). There are very extensive Barracks, which, together 
with the fortifications, are all abandoned. The climate of the island is exceed- 
ingly good, and the inhabitants enjoy excellent health. The soil, although 
not what may be termed rich, is yet good, and capable of producing any 
tropical product. There are several public Institutions most creditably kept, 
which do honour to the island. The Governor is Colonel Sir S. J. Hill, C.B. 
The Chief Justice, Sir W. Snagg, Knt. The Colonial Secretary, E. D. 
Baynes. 



ANGUILLA. 

The island of Anguilla is a part of the Lieut. -Government of St. Kitt's, and 
sends one member to the Assembly. For local purposes it is governed by a 
Stipendiary Magistrate, paid from the Imperial Treasury. This officer is as- 
sisted by a Vestry, of which he is chairman. The Vestry, which is constituted 
by an Act, is composed of the Stipendiary Magistrates, the rector, and eleven 
elected members. 

The revenue of Anguilla in 1861 was £414, and the expenditure £240. The 
local courts for the administration of justice are the Magistrates' Court, and the 
Small Debt Court. There are also supposed to be Courts of Queen's Bench and 



220 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

Common Pleas and Chancery in tlie island, and the Chief Justice of St. Kitt's 
visits it once a year to hear civil and criminal cases. 

Angnilla is about sixty miles N.E. of St. Kitt's, and is sixteen miles in length, 
and varies in breadth from three to one and a-half miles, containing an area of 
thirty-five square miles. It was settled by the English in the year 1450. The 
productions raised by the first settlers were cotton, millet seed, and potatoes. 
In process of time, and by dint of labour the inhabitants succeeded in intro- 
ducing the sugar cane. In 1746 the French made a serious attack upon it, 
they landed 600 men, but the Anguillans, though they could not at that period 
muster more than one hundred and fifty men in arms, resisted the invaders 
with such determined bravery that they slew a hundred and fifty of them and 
compelled the rest to a hasty retreat. 

The island is extremely healthy, and the population is about 2,500, of whom 
100 are white, and the rest coloured and black. Cotton is exciting attention 
and about sixty acres of it are under cultivation. The other productions are 
sugar, phosphate of lime, and salt. The revenue is chiefly derived from a duty 
of five cents per barrel on salt. 

President, G. Alsbury, £500. 



BAHAMAS. 



A chain of islands lying between 21° and 27° 30' N. lat., and 70° 30' and 
79° 5' W. long. The group is composed of about 20 inhabited islands and an 
immense number of islets and rocks. The principal islands are New Providence 
(containing the capital, Nassau), Harbour Island, Abaco, Eleuthera, Heneagua 
or Inagua, Mayaguana, St. Salvador, Andros Island, Great Bahama, Ragged 
Island, Rum Cay, Exuma, Long Island, Crooked Island, Long Cay, "VVatliug's 
Island, the Caicos, and Turks, and the Berry Islands. 

St. Salvador, one of the islands composing this chain, was the first land dis" 
covered by Columbus on his voyage in 1492. New Providence was settled by 
the English in 1629 and held till 1641, when the Spaniards expelled them, but 
made no attempts to settle there themselves. It was again colonized by Eng- 
land in 1666, but fell into the hands of the French and Spaniards in 1703, after 
"which it became a rendezvous for pirates, who were in 1718 extii'pated, when 
a regular colonial administration was established, and the seat of Government 
was fixed in this island. In 1781 the Bahamas were surrendered to the Spa- 
niards, but at the conclusion of the war they were once more annexed and 
finally confirmed to Great Britain by the Peace of Versailles, 1783. 

In 1848 the Turks and Caicos Islands were separated from the other Bahamas, 
and formed into a distinct Government, under the Government-in-Chief of the 
Governor of Jamaica. 

There are ten colonial custom-houses and ports of entry in the Government 
of the Bahamas, viz., Nassau, Abaco, Eleuthera, Harbour Island, Little Exuma, 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 221 

Rum Cay, Long Island. Long Cay, Inagua, and Ragged Island, principally 
for the exportation of salt, one of the chief staples of these islands. A consi_ 
derable quantity of pine-apples, oranges, and sponges are also exported to 
England and the United States. 

Bahamas is the only one of the W. I. Chartered Colonies, which grants (by 
a recent Act) Superannuation allowances to public servants. 

Constitution. — Consists of a Governor, aided by an Executive Council of 8 
members, a Legislative Council of 10 members, and a Representative Assembly 
of 28 members. The qualification of Electors is possession of a freehold or 
other property of the value of £26 per annum. The qualification of Members 
is possession of an estate of real or personal property of the value of £500, or 
50 acres of land under cultivation. All the members of the Executive Council 
have seats and votes in one or other of the branches of the Legislature. 

Revenue and Expenditure, 1864.— £102,024— £98,636. 

Imports and Exports, 1864.— £5,346,132— £4,431,946. 

Population.— Census 1861—35,287. 

Governor, Rawson W. Rawson, C.B. C?def Justice, W. H. Doyle. Colonial 
Secretary, C. R. Nesbitt. 



BARBADOS (British) 

Is situated in latitude 13° 4' Xorth and longitude 59° 37' West, and is the 
most wind^vard of the Caribbee Islands. It is nearly 21 English miles long 
by 14 in breadth, and is faid to contain a superficial area of 106,470 acres, or 
about 166 square miles. 

The exact date of the discovery of Barbados is not known, but the first ind*. 
cation of its existence in the charts was in 1600. It is said to have been first 
visited by the Portuguese, who, finding it uninhabited and rude in appearance, 
named the Isle Los Barbados, from the number of bearded fig-trees which they 
found, and then abandoned it. In 1625 Sir William Courteen, a London mer- 
chant, under the protection of the Earl of Marlborough, who held a grant of 
the island from James L, fitted out two large ships, one of which only arrived 
at Barbados, and the party, which consisted of some 30 persons, landed on the 
leeward side of the island, formed a town called James' (or Hole) Town, and 
appointed Captain William Deane their governor. In 1627 the Earl of Car- 
lisle obtained a grant from Charles I. of all the Caribbee Islands, which was 
opposed by the former patentee, but the matter was compromised on the Earl 
of Carlisle agreeing to settle on the Earl of Marlborough an annuity of £300. 
Soon after this the Earl of Carlisle being employed on a diplomatic mission, 
the Earl of Pembroke, then Lord Chamberlain, obtained a revocation of the 
former nobleman's patent in his favour, and supported Sir W. Courteen ; but 
on the Earl of Carlisle's return from his embassy, he remonstrated with the 



222 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIETV OF 

king, who soon reinstated him in possession of the territory. Wolferstone, a 
native of Bermuda, was then commissioned by the Earl of Carlisle as governor, 
and in 1628 sixty four settlers arrived in Carlisle Bay. commenced the erec- 
tion of wooden houses, threw a bridge across the river which intersected the 
ground, and laid the foundation of Bridgetown, the present capital. The lee- 
ward and windward men opposed each other, but the latter ultimately triumphed. 
As in all new colonies, the inhabitants met with no inconsiderable difficulties- 
Local feuds were added to domestic privations, but the civil war which raged 
in England contributed to people and enrich the island ; and on the downfall 
of Charles, many families attached to the Royal cause found shelter in Barba- 
dos. The island was afterward governed by Lord Willoughby, a Royalist, to 
whom it was conveyed by Lord Carlisle (son of the first patentee) ; but when 
the island was subdued by the power of the Commonwealth, he was banished. 
In 1682 after the restoration of Charles IL, Lord Willoughby renewed his 
claim on Barbados, and the kinsmen and heirs of the two earls brought for- 
ward demands on the settlers. To satisfy these claims, a duty of 4J per cent. 
on all exports was imposed ; and under certain conditions the proprietaiy 
government was dissolved and the sovereignty of Barbados annexed to the 
British crown. The inhabitants long protested against the imposition of the 
4J per cent, duties, but without success : and it was not till 1838, four years 
after the abolition of slavery, that the tax was abolished. Bridgetown is the 
chief town and only port of entry ; is situated on the south-west side of the 
island ; it is an open roadstead and much exposed. There is an inner bay 
called Carenage which is protected by a structure called the Mole Head, which 
cfFords very good protection and wherein a number of vessels enter and unload. 
The island is almost encircled by coral reefs which, in some parts, as in the 
Parish of St. Philips, extend some three miles to seaward and prove dangerous 
to navigation. There is a light-house on the south point of the island, revolv- 
ing. In 1676 it was supposed that the number of slaves amounted to 80,000, 
which, with 45,000 whites, made 125,000 on this small spot; at that time 
Barbados emploped 400 sail of ships in commerce. Its annual exports of sugar, 
indigo, ginger, cotton, and citron water were above £350,000. The island has 
f.uffered much by tempests, fires, and plague. In 1780 a hurricane occasioned 
great devastation in the island, above 4000 inhabitants lost their lives and the 
damage done to property was computed at £1,320,000 sterling. There is a 
college founded by General Codrington, a native of the island, and who died 
in 1710. The island forms the Head Quarters of Her Majesty's Forces in the 
windward and leeward command under a Major General who resides there — 
the troops are stationed at St. Ann's, which is situated east of the town. The 
chief articles of export are sugar, rum, molasses, ginger, aloes, and arrowroot ; 
ground provisions are planted to a very considerable extent, and poultry raised 
in large quantities; cattle, sheep, hogs and goats are also raised. The popu- 
lation, according to the census of 1861, amounted to 152,727. A very brisk 
and extensive trade is carried on with all the neighbouring islands. The town 



THE ISLAND OF TJllNIDAD. 223 

is very irregularly formed, many of the street and alleys extremely narrow, 
and the houses, very many, of antiquated form. The principal commercial 
street is Broad street. The RoebucK and milk market are principally occu- 
pied by retailers. The watering places are "Hastings" and "Fonlabella/' 
to which many persons from the other islands resort for the excellent sea- 
bathing those places afford. The town is now supplied with excellent drink= 
ing water, a boon altogether owing to the exertions of many of the principal 
inhabitants, who formed a Joint Stock Company for the purpose — the En- 
gineer employed (Mr. Clarke) executed the work with great skill and judge- 
ment. In former years there were a large number of rich Jews who carried 
on different branches of commerce ; but at present (1865) scarcely seven cf this 
ancient tribe can be found — although there exists a very neat synagogue. 
There are also several extensive places of worship of the Protestant and Wes- 
leyan faith ; there are few Roman Catholics in the island. There are four 
Newspapers published; the leading paper is the Glohe, the proprietor and 
Editor, A. G. Drinan, Esq., Colonel in the Militia Force of the island and a 
Justice of the Peace, has done much good by the temperate and judicious 
exercise of his able (alents in the discharge of his Editorial duties. The 
Revenue and Expenditure of 1864 was, the former, £107,391, and the latter, 
£104,348. The Imports and Exports for the same year amounted to, the 
former, £910,080, the latter, £925,926. The first British Governor of the 
island was William Deane (1625). In 1818 the present Viscount Combermere 
was born in Barbados. The inhabitants, without distinction, are most hospi- 
table and kind-hearted, and, in consequence of this, a stranger soon finds him- 
self at home. Barbados is well supplied with fish, viz. : snappers, grey caval- 
los, terbums, coney fish, flying fish, and grooper ; mullets, crabs, and lobsters 
are also abundant. The present Governor General of the island is James 
Walker, Esquire, C.B. The Colonial Secretary is James R. Holligan, Esquire. 
The Chief Justice, Sir Robert Boucher Clarke, K.C.B., and Provincial Grand 
Master of Freemasons in the island under the English Constitution. The 
quantity of Produce exported in 1863 was 38,862 hlids., 3398 trcs., and 9471 
brls. Sugar ; 14,561 puns., 433 hhds., and 453 brls. Molasses ; 75 jjuns. and 
175 hhds. Rum. 



BARBUDA. 



This Island is situated between the 1 7th and 18th degrees of North Latitude 
and the 61st and 62nd degrees of West Longitude, about twelve leagues North 
of Antigua ; it is said to be twenty miles in length and ten in breadth. Tho 
coast is somewhat dangerous, but there is a good road for shipping — the inte- 
rior is level, and the soil fertile. The chief or only trade consists in the sale 
of cattle, horses, swine, wood, salt, charcoal, corn and other provisions. Turtle 
are frequently found on the shore ; and the woods contain deer and several 



§24 msTomcAL and statistical yiew op 

kinds of game. The air is of sucli purity that invalids from other West India 
Islands resort thither for the purpose of recovering their health. Barbuda 
was first settled by a party of Colonists from St. Christopher, led by Sir 
Thomas Warner. The settlers were, however, so greatly harassed by the 
Caribs of Dominica that they were compelled to desert the colony ; but the 
strength of the savages being ere long much diminished, the English once 
more returned and remained thenceforth without molestation. The whole of 
the island is the propertj' of the Codrington family ; the present proprietor is 
a Ward in Chancery, The JNlanager of the island is a Mr. Hopkins ; there is 
also an Agent in Antigua, and the business of the island is transacted by 
Messrs. Manning and Anderdon in London. The Revenue is very uncertain, 
in fact, for the past few years it is said it was not more than what would 
cover the current expenditure. 



BRITISH GUIANA. 



This Colony is a portion of the South American continent, extending from 
east to west about 200 miles. It includes the settlements of Demerara, Esse- 
quebo, and Berbice. It is bounded on the east by Dutch. Guiana, from which 
it is divided by the River Corentyn, on the south by Brazil, on the west by 
Venezuela, and on the north and north-east by the Atlantic Ocean. 

This territory was first partially settled by the Dutch West India Company 
in 1850. It was from time to time held by Holland, France, and England. 
It was restored to the Dutch in 1802, but in the following year retaken by 
Great Britain, to whom it was finally ceded in 1814. It was first designated 
British Guiana in 1831, the three settlements of which it is formed being now 
termed counties. 

It is impossible to determine the exact area of the Colony, as its precise 
boundaries are undetermined between Venezuela and Brazil respectively, but 
it has been computed to be 76,000 square miles. 

The cultivated part of the Colony consists of alluvial soil of enormous depth. 
Aided by tropical heat and much moisture, it is very productive, The same 
land has been cropped annually during upwards of half a century without any 
change and without manure ; but fertility is not confined to the coast region, 
which alone is used for sugar-plantations. 

The products of the Colony are sugar, rum, coffee, and hardwood. For- 
merly cotton and cofiee were almost exclusively cultivated ; but cotton is no 
longer exported, and coffee has dwindled to a comparatively inconsiderable 
item of export. Within the last year, however, efforts have been made, to 
a comparatively small extent, tj re-establish cotton cultivation, and up to the 
30th September 31 bales have been exported, and 20 bushels of cotton seed. 

The mean temperature at Georgetown is 81° 2' ; the maximum 90°, and the 
minimum 74°. The year is divided into wet and dry seasons. The great dry 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 225 

season begins early in September, and continues to tbe end of November, 
when showers of rain fall occasionally to the middle of February. The short 
dry season then commences, and continues till the middle of April, when the 
heavy rains of the tropics begin to descend. 

The capital of British Guiana is Georgetown ; it is built on the eastern bank 
of the Demerara E-iver. 

The origin of the present city of Georgetown dates from 1774, when the 
Courts of Policy and of Justice for the then Colony of Demerara were removed 
from the Island of Borselen, in the Demerara River, to Stabroek, which now 
constitutes Ward No. 9 of the extended municipality. 

Stabroek was a long narrow slip forming a single street, running from the 
river to the eastward about a mile in length. On the rear of each side was a 
canal navigable for punts and boats, by which merchandise was conveyed to 
and from the merchants' stores. 

In 1812 the union of the Colonies of Demerara and Essequebo was comple- 
ted, and the name of the capital was changed from Stabroek to Georgetown. 

Its internal government was provided for by a Board of Police, appointed by 
the Governor and Court of Policy. It gradually increased its limits on either 
side by the absorption of portions of the neighbouring plantations, until it 
arrived at its existing dimensions, comprising about 32 miles of streets, and 
covering an area of about 50 acres. 

The population of Georgetown on the 7th April, 1861, was returned at 
29,174 exclusive of the garrison and the population afloat in the river, and 
the number of houses at 7,169. 

In the Colony of British Guiana the Roman Dutch law is in force in civil 
cases, modified by Orders in Council and Local Ordinances ; the Criminal Law 
is now the same as that of Great Britain, and is administered in the same man- 
ner, except that there is not the intervention of a Grand Jury. 

The constitution is peculiar in its form. It consists of a Governor and a 
Court of Policy, five of whom (including the Governor, Chief Justice, Attorney- 
General, Government Secretary, and Administrator- General), are official, and 
five non-official members. The unofficial members are chosen by a body of 
seven members called the " College of Electors," who are themselves chosen 
for life (provided they continue to reside in the Colony). The Colony is 
divided into Electoral Districts, and there exist legally defined qualifications 
for the constituency and for the representatives. 

The Combined Court, on which devolves the sanctioning and providing for 
the public expenditure, is formed by the combination of the members of the 
Court of Policy and the six members of the College of Financial Representa- 
tives, who are elected in the same manner as the members of the College of 
Electors, but for two years only, though eligible for re-election. 

There is no House of Assembly or Executive Council. 

The total population is 148,907. The Revenue and Expenditure for 1864 



226 



HISTOBICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 



was, the former, £324,250, the latter, £309,115. The value of Imports and 
Exports during the same year was, Imports, £1,508,560, Exports, £1,81'5,351. 
The principal articles of Export are sugar, mm, molasses, coffee, cotton, tim- 
ber, and dye woods. In 1827 the Exports were as follows : sugar, 71,168 hhds. j 
rum, 22,362 puncheons : molasses, 28,226 puncheons; cotton, 15,904 bales: cof- 
fee, 8,063,752 lbs. The present Governor is Francis Hincks, Esquire, C.B. 
The Colonial Secretary, E. E. Rushworth, Esquire. The Chief Justice, Joseph 
Beaumont, Esquire. 

Produce Exported from the Colony. 



Year. 


Sugar. 


Rum. 


Molasses. 


Timber. 


1854 


Hhds. 

56,580 
55,366 
51.607 
58,766 
58.917 
55,243 
62,198 
72,347 
64,994 
77,105 


Puns. 

28.824 
30.882 
25,501 
26.734 
26,653 
24,530 
27,299 
30,264 
26,222 
30,252 


Casks. 

2,563 
1,-903 
6,044 
7,105 
3,416 
1,556 
2.814 
3,477 
3,377 
, 5,704 


Feet. 
206.962 


1855 ,... 


173,914 


1856 


297,354 


1857 


330,772 


1858 


257,508 


1859 


276.378 


I860 


497.273 


1861 


825,803 


1862 


652.122 


1863 


408,769 







DOMINICA. 



Dominica is a British West India Island, situated about 15° 35' N. lat., and 
61° 20' W. long. ; it is about 29 miles long and 16 broad; it was discovered 
by Columbus in 1493 : its area is 291 square miles. 

Dominica was first settled by the French early in the 17th century, but was 
in 1748, by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, occupied by French and English 
and other traders as neutral ground. 

In i;63, by the Treaty of Paris, the island was ceded to England; from 
1778 to 1783 Dominica was held by the French, but in the latter year, it was 
at the peace, again transferred to England. 

The Government since 1832 has been administered by a Lieutenant-Governor 
(subordinate to the Governor-in-Chief at Antigua), aided by an Executive 
Council of 7 members appointed by the Crown, a Legislative Council composed 
of the same members as the Executive Council, and a Representative Assembly. 

The principal articles of Export are sugar, rum, molasses, and coffee : the 
soil is rich ; large quantities of fruit and ground provisions are raised. The 



ffiE ISLAND OV TUtXIDAt). 



22t 



chief town and port of entry is Roseau, situated on the south side of the island 
— the town is small and the streets irregular. The second town is Portsmouth, 
small and unimportant. The island is abundantly supplied with excellent 
water from the many rivers with which the island abounds. There is no very 
considerable trade with the island. The Revenue and Expenditure for 1864 
was, the former, £14,832, the latter, £14,602; and the value of the Imports) 
£43,558, and Exports, £48,809. The total population, according to the Census 
of 1861, was 25,065. The present Lieut.-Governor is J. R. Longden, Esquire. 
Colonial Secretaryj "VV. H. McCoy, Esquire. The Chief Justice, S. Pember^ 
ton, EsquirCi. 



Produce Shipped from the Island. 



Year. 


Sugar. 


Molasses. 


Rum» 


1854 : 


Lbs. 
5,8ul,700 
4,483,000 
5,603,440 
7,050,625 
6,262,841 



7,151,885 
8,543,400 
7,037,750 
6,034,357 


Gals-, 
71,900 
23,245 
30,740 
49,866 
37,230 

30,1*50 
59,820 
41,860 
30,880 


Gals. 
89,090 
68,600 
100,224 
67 594 


1855 


1856 

1857 : 


1858 


76,723 


1859 

1860 » 


96*249 
70,790 


1861 


1862 


61,170 
49.0^2 


1863 







GRENADA. 



Grenada is situated between the parallels of 12° 30' and ll° 58' N. lat., dnd 
61° 20' and 61° 35' W. long. ; it is about 21 miles in lengthy 12 miles in its 
greatest breadth, and contains about 76,538 acres, with a populatioUj by the 
Census of 1861, of 31,900 souls. It lies 68 miles S.S.W. of St. Vincent, and 
between it and the latter island are certain small islands, called the Grenadines^ 
partly attached to the government of St. Vincent, and partly to that of Gre- 
nada; the largest of the latter is Carriacou, which has an area of 6,913 acres* 
and a population of 3,071 soulsi 

The country is mountainous and very picturesque, and abounds in streams 
and in mineral and other springs. The Grand Etang, a lake on the summit of 
a mountain ridge 1,740 feet above the level of the sea, 7 miles from St. George, 
and equidistant from Grenville and Lake Antoine, in the parish of St. Patrick, 
are among the most remarkable natural curiosities. The island is divided into 
six parishes— St. George, St. David, St. x\ndrew, St. Patrick, St. Mark, and 
St. John. 



228 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

Grenada was discovered by Columbus in 1498, and was named Ascension. 
It was at that time inhabited by Caribs. In 1650 Du Parquet, Governor of 
Martinique, purchased Grenada from a b'rench company. He sailed in June, 
1650, from Martinique to Grenada with 200 followers and was well received 
by the inhabitants; he distributed presents among them, and then claimed 
the island as a lawful purchase. He left his cousin, Le Comte, to rule the 
island and returned to Martinique. Finding the expense of maintaining an. 
armed force to support his authority not compensated for by the expectation of 
future profits, Du Parquet sold the island in 1657 to the Comte de Cerrillac for 
30,000 crowns. The Governor appointed by the new proprietor ruled with so 
much tyranny that the most respectable settlers left the island ; he was at 
length seized, tried, and executed by the Colonists. 

In 1674 the island was annexed to the Crown of France, and the proprietors 
received compensation for their claims ; but in 1762 it surrendered to the Eng- 
lish Commodore Swanton, and was formally ceded to Great Britain by the 
Treaty of Peace signed at Paris on the 10th of February, 1763. In 1779 Gre- 
nada was retaken by the French ; and in 1783 restored to Great 
Britain by the general Treaty of Peace of Versailles. Major-General Edward 
Mathew was appointed Captain-General and Governor-in- Chief of Grenada and 
such of the Grenadines as lie to the southward of Carriacou, including that 
island ; and from that date to this time the government of Grenada has been 
confined within these limits. In 1787 St. George's was made a free port. 

In 1795 an insurrection, fomented by the French revolutionists at INIarti- 
nique, broke out in the first instance among the free coloured people, who were 
speedily joined by the French inhabitants and a portion of the negro slaves. 
The rebels received reinforcements from Guadaloupe, but were in 1796 de- 
feated, and the posts held by the French capitulated. 

The population amounts to 35,230 (Deer., 1863). The Revenue and Expen- 
diture for 1864 was, the former, £21,599, the latter, £17,234. The Imports 
and Exports for the same year was, Imports, £121,314; Exports, £152,426. 
The island produces sugar, rum, molasses, cocoa, cofiee, cotton, ginger, and 
arrowroot — quantities of ground provisions are raised, and sheep, goats, hogs, 
and poultry reared. There are several towns and harbours ; the principal town 
and port of entry is St. George's, which is one of the coaling depots of the 
Poyal Mail Steamers. The harbour is on the south-west side of the island ; 
there is also the Carenage, a very fine basin with deep water and where the 
shipping can load and unload with safety and expedition. The town is situa- 
ted on a hill, hence, with the exception of the market, the streets are all 
" up and down," and consequently, very tiresome ; there are very few vehicles 
to be seen ; there are very many fine buildings, but which, for the want of 
tenants, are going to ruin ; there are also many churches and chapels of dif- 
ferent creeds. There is much poverty in the island. The roads, taking all 
matters into consideration, are not bad. There is quite a trade fi'om this 
island with of Trinidad— which latter island is continually suppHed from 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 



229 



Grenada with yams, plantains, poultry, and stock. The fortifications, which 
are now partly abandoned, are well worth the inspection of strangers ; they are 
not only numerous, but substantial and formidable. Those at Richmond Hill 
are well situated, and whereat large and commodious barracks remain unoc- 
cupied. The present Lieut.-Governor is Major Mundy. Chief Justice, J. F- 
Gresham. Colonial Secretary, S. Mitchell. 

Produce Shipped FROii the Island. 



Year. 


Sugar. 


Coffee. 


Cocoa. 


Cotton. 


Rum. 


1854 


lbs. 

10,585,978 

7,667,989 

6,651,729 

11,019,746 

10,758,526 

10,965,745 

10,151,643 

8,331,235 

8,112,711 

10,756,496 


lbs. 

7,883 

4,740 

14,266 
8,947 
8,216 

12,852 
7,606 
3,432 
5,381. 
1,503 


lbs. 
441,761 
466,189 
470,252 
547,779 
497,643 
486,007 
4 65,680 
530,735 
661.420 


lbs. 
36.907 
30,604 
48,203 
57,981 
81,390 
21,905 
48,155 
59,198 
48.087 


gals. 
415,033 


1855 

1856 


335,611 

209,007 


1857 


277,957 


1858 


310,765 


1859 


285,536 


I860 


253,419 
2^3 7T«1 


1861 


1862 


155,381 


1863 


586,2(12 64 501 


224,099 






- 



HONDURAS (British). 



British Honduras is a colony situated between 15° and 19° N. lat., and 88° 
and 90° W. long. : this coast was discovered by Columbus in 1502 ; it was for 
nearly two centuries occupied by buccaneers of all nations. It was transferred 
from Spain to England by treaty in 1670 ; the Spaniards however, from time 
to time, disputed the occupation till 1798, since which time Great Britain has 
had uninterrupted possession of it. 

The climate is moist ; the average annual temperature is about 80° Fahr. 
Inland, the surface of the country rises gradually from the coast ; the interior 
is covered with thick forests, interspersed with marshes : in these forests many 
fine mahogany and logwood trees are to be found, and cutting them gives oc- 
cupation to a great portion of the settlers. English cattle and domestic ani- 
mals generally thrive well ; the grey fox and deer of various kind may be 
found. 

The Government is administered by a Lieut.-Governor (who is subordinate 
to the Governor of Jamaica), assisted by an Executive Council appointed by 
£he Crown. In 1853, an Act was passed, entitled, "An Act to amend the 
system of Government of British Honduras ;" by which it is provided that the 
Legislature shall consist of the Superintendent (now Lieutenant-Governor)! 
and a Legislative Assembly of 18 elected and 3 nominated members. 



230 tiiStORlCAL AXD STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

In 1862 this settlement was, by letters patent, erected into a Colony, to be 
called the Colony of British Honduras ; the Governor of Jamaica for the time 
being was appointed the Governor of the said Colony, and in his absence the 
Government to be administered by a Lieutenant-Governor, who during such 
absence is endowed with all the powers vested in the Governor, 

Belize is the capital of this settlement ; it is built on both banks of a river 
of that name ; they are connected by a bridge finished in 1860. The houses 
are cotistructed almost entirely of wood, and are raised some feet from the 
ground on pillars of mahogany ; but on the 10th March, 1863, nearly the 
whole of the south side of the town was burnt down, and an Act was passed 
compelling persons in future to build houses of brick or stone, with iron or 
slated roofs. The commerce of Honduras consists of mahogany, logwood, 
tortoise-shell, fustic, indigo, cochineal, and sarsaparilla. Latterly sugar in 
considerable quantities has been produced. 

The population, according to the Census of 1831, was 25,635. The Revenue 
and Expenditure as also the Value of the Imports and Exports for 1864 were, 
Revenue, £31,544 ; Expenditure, £28,364 ; Imports, £291,144 ; Exports, 
£373,197. The soil is rich and the country possesses great natural advantages 
for agricultural pursuits, but which have been much neglected. The want of 
good roads has also been a barrier to the development of the country, particu- 
larly as its resources are considerable. The present Lieut.-Governor is J. G. 
Austin. Chief Justice, R. J^ Corner. Colonial Secretary, G. B. Mathew. 



JAMAICA (British). 



An island lying off the Bay of Honduras, between the Caribbean Sea and 
Gulf of Mexico, within N. ^."^17° 40' and 18° 30', and W. long. 76° 10' and 
78° 30'. It is the largest, and was formerly the most valuable of the British 
West Indies ; being 140 miles in length, and 50 in extreme breadth, and con^ 
taining about 6,400 square miles. 

Jamaica was discovered by Columbus on the 3id May, 1494. He called it 
St. Jago. It remained in the possession of the Spaniards for 161 years, when 
it was attacked by a force sent by Cromwell, under Admirals Penn and Vena- 
bles, against Ilispaniola. It capitulated, after a trifling resistance, on the 3rd 
May, 1655. After the capture of the island, until the Restoration of Charles 
IL, Jamaica remained under military jurisdiction. In 1660 the first estab- 
lishment of a regular civil government was made by Charles II. , who appointed 
G. D'Oyley Governor-in- Chief, with an Elective Council. In 1670 peace was 
made with Spain, and the title of luigland to Jamaica was recognized by the 
Treaty of ^Lldrid. In 1807 the Slave Trade was abolished, at which time 



THE ISLAND OF TEIXIDAD. 231 

there were 323,827 slaves in Jamaica. During the last eight years of the trade 
86,821 slaves were imported. On the abolition of slavery, in 1833, Jamaica 
received £6,161,927 of the £20,000,000 granted by the Imperial Government 
as compensation to the slave-owners ; being rather more than £19 a head on 
a slave population of 309,338. 

Climate. 

There is a great variety of climate; the medium heat at Kingston is about 
80°, and the minimum 70°^ Fahrenheit throughout the year : at an elevation of 
from 4,000 to 5,000 feet, the average range is 55° to 65°, the minimum in win- 
ter being 44° : on the Blue Mountain Peak, ice of some thickness has been 
found in March, The hurricane season ranges from July to October : the 
periodical rains, which last about six weeks, are called the May and October 
seasons, but there is great irregularity in the time of their falling. 

In 17S0 Jamaica was visited by a most destructive hurricane, the devasta- 
tion occasioned by which i>roduced a dreadful famine. The soil is rich ; the 
exports are sugar, rum, molasses, coffee, some cocoa, cotton, ginger, pimento, 
fustic, logwood, gnaiacum, sarsaparilla, cassia, and cochineal. Indian corn, 
guinea corn, plantains, yams, and other ground provisions are abundantly 
raised. The island also produces a large quantity of the very best fruit. Cat- 
tle and horses are bred to considerable extent ; the latter are as fine animals as 
any to be found in Great Britain, large, well made and vevj swift. The island 
is divided into three Counties, Middlesex, Surry and Cornwall, which contain 
21 parishes. The principal town and x)ort of entry is Kingstown. There are 
several towns and ports of entry in different parts of the island ; those of note 
are Monteago Bay, Falmouth and Port Royal. Spanish Town or St, Jago de 
la Vega is the seat of Government — distant from Kingston about 12 miles. 
The town of Kingston is large, but irregularly laid out and badly kept. The 
roads of the island are extensive, and if more care and attention were paid to 
them, it would materially tend to the advantage of trade. The island is fast 
declining from that high standing which in former years it could Avell boast of. 
The total population, according to the Census of 1861, amounts to 441,264. 
The Revenue, Expenditure, value of Imports and Exports, for 1864 were: 
Revenue, £309,359; Expenditure, £314,699; Imports, £1,142,919; Exports, 
£946,906. The first British Governor was, in 16(i0, G. D'Oyley. The present 
Governor is E. J. Eyre, Esq. Colonial Secretary, E. Jordan, Esq., C.B. The 
Chief Justice, Sir Bryan Edwards. There are many churches and chapels of 
different creeds. The produce shipped in 1863 amounted to: sugar, 560,481 
cwt. ; rum, 1,554,077 galls. ; ginger, 678,108 lbs. ; pimento, 6,228,478 lbs. j 
coffee, 8,165,276 lbs. 



MONTSERRAT. (Braxisn). 

This Island, discovered by the celebrated Spanish navigator in 1493, was 
named by him after a mountain in Catalonia, to which it is said to bear a very 
striking resemblance. 



232 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIE-^ OP 

It is situated in 16° 45' N. lat., and 61° W. long. ; it is abont 12 miles in 
length, and 8 in the broadest part ; its roads however are zigzag, uphill, and 
down ravine, so that a journey from the town of Plymouth (lying in the 
centre of the south-west coast), to north or south, exceeds the extreme length 
of the island. 

Montserrat was colonized by the English in 1632 ; the French took it in 
1664, and le%T.ed heavy imposts on the inhabitants; it was restored to Eng- 
land in 1668. It capitulated to the French in 1782. The articles of capitula- 
tion were signed by the Lieutenant-Governor of the island, and by M. le 
Comte Flechin and M. le Comte de Barras. M. Louis Joseph de Goullon was 
appointed Commandant, who levied an impost of 1800 Johannes, demanded a 
furnished residence for himself, one for the Major, and others for the Trea- 
surer, the Commissary of Marine, for the Sm-geon-M-ajor, for warehouses of 
every kind, for a hospital, for a chapel for Divine service for the troops, and a 
residence near it for the chaplain, a residence for the keeper of the ware- 
houses, and a chamber for his clerk. The House of Assembly provided the 
Governor with a fmrnished house, with horses, &c., &c., but refused the other 
demands, " as being inconsistent with the laws," as being not bound " with 
the terms of capitulation, and as having no power to dispossess the inhabi- 
tants of their houses." 

The Governor then demanded a chapel, and declared his intention to take 
St. Anthony's church. The Council and Assembly assented to this, and wrote 
to the rector, the Rev. Mr. McKerily, requesting his compliance ; he strongly 
denounced the conduct of the Legislature, but was compelled to yield to the 
law of necessity 

In the follovring year another impost was levied for a like amount. The 
Legislature refused compliance, and the Governor-General of Guadeloupe (M. 
le Comte de Damas), ordered troops to be billeted on the houses of the inhabi- 
tants, to be kept at their expense, and at the end of two days the inhabitants 
to be sent to the forts, and hostages to Guadeloupe. 

The law of necessity again prevailed, and the impost was paid. 

The island was restored to the English in 1784. 

Montserrat possessed a Legislative Council and Assembly as early as 1668. 
One of the Acts passed about 1784 is very curious. It recites, in a style of 
Eastern metaphor, that " opprobrious language, if not prevented, may over- 
shadow good government and the administration of justice in this island with 
the sable clouds of reproach and infamy ;" and it then proceeds to prohibit such 
language generally, and the following in particular : " Tory, English, Irish, 
Scotch dog." In 1861 the Constitution was abolished, and an Act passed, con- 
stituting one Chamber, or House, composed of 12 members: 4 nominees of the 
Crown, the others elective. The President administering the Government now 
presides, and votes on all measures when he thinks fit. 

Montserrat is justly considered the most healthy of the Antilles. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINID.VD. 235 

Tlie circle of land formed by the skirts and lower slopes of the mountain- 
range of the main body of the island, and the Valley of Basseterre, constitute 
nearly the whole of the arable and cultivated portion of the island. 

These tracts of land are covered with sugar plantations, and dotted over in 
every direction with homesteads, mills, and labourers' villages. 

The higher slopes of the mountains are clothed with short grass, affording 
excellent pasturage, while their summits are crowned "with dense woods. 

The climate in St. Kitt's, for a tropical one, is decidedly healthy. From ob- 
servations made by Mr. Evelyn, the sub-treasurer of the colony, it appears that 
the average range of the thermometer was, in August, 1860, 85-90, and in Feb- 
ruary of the same year, 80-83. 

The Government is administered by a Lieutenant-Governor (subordinate to 
the Governor-in-Chief at Antigua), aided by an Executive Council composed 
of ten members appointed by the Crown ; a Legislative Council of not les3 
than eight members, likewise appointed by the Crown ; and a House of As- 
sembly of twenty-five members, elected by the various parishes. The qualifi- 
cation for an elector is possession of a freehold of the value of £10 currency ; 
a house and land, or a freehold of two acres of land ; also, tenants of houses of 
the annual value of £50. 

The total population is 24,440. The Eevenue, Expenditure, value of Imports 
and Exports in 1864 were : Eevenue, £19,445; Expenditure, £21,257; Im- 
ports, £188,669 ; Exports £125,354. The principal town and port of entry 
is Basseterre. The town is iiTCgularly laid out ; the streets sandy and the 
houses, generally, old. Very many improvements have, however, of late been 
made. The square called Pall Mall has been tastefully laid out. The inhabi- 
tants are of retired habits, but are extremely kind and hospitable. The society, 
although limited, is very good. Many noblemen possess properties in the island. 
St. Christopher, like the other West India Islands, has suffered much. Yet to 
its great credit be it said, it is now in a far more prosperous condition than 
any other British "West India Island or Colony, both in regard to agriculture 
as also the healthy state of its finances. The crop of 1865 amounted to 11,116 
hhds., 250 trcs., and 9,688 brls. of sugar ; 1,149 pirns, and 24 hhds. rum ; 4,627 
puns., 1 hhd. and 127 brls. of molasses; 33,308 brls. salt; ;l, 862 brls. potatoes; 
168,709 lbs. tous-les-mois ; 555 lbs. arrow-root, and 17,690 lbs. cotton. 

By an Act passed in April of the present year (1866), the Constitution 
of the island has been changed by the substitution of a single Chamber for 
the Houses of Legislature, to be composed of 20 members, say the Secretary 
to Government, the Auditor, and the Attorney-General, seven nominees of 
the Crown, and ten elected by the people — the last to hold no office 
under the Crown. The three first-named members will be charged with cer- 
tain departments of the Government, and will be the chief advisers of the 
Governor. The Lieut.-Governor is Sir B. C. C. Pine, Knt. The Chief Justice 
is H. J. Ross, Esquire. The Colonial Secretary, R. M. Rumsey, Esquire. The 
Treasurer, the Hon. N. Hart. 



233 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

ST. LUCIA (Bkitish). 



The Island of St. Lucia was discovered by Columbus, during his fourth voy- 
age, on the 15th June, 1502. It is situated in 13° 50' N. lat., and 60° 58' W. 
long. ; at a distance of 24 miles to the south-east of Martinique and 21 to the 
north-east of St. Vincent. It is 42 miles in length and 21 at its greatest 
breadth : its circumference is one hundred and fifty miles, and its area 158,820 
acres. Near its northern extremity lies Pigeon Island, formerly a military 
post of some importance. 

Castries, the capital of the island, is situated at the bottom of a deep bay of 
the same name, and contains about 900 houses and a population of about 3,500 
souls. Next in importance is the town of Soufriere, containing a population 
of 1,800 souls. 

The scenery of St. Lucia possesses all the characteristics peculiar to the 
Caribbean group — elevated mountains, conical hills, deep ravines, an indented 
coast, and the most luxuriant vegetation. Its special features are its Pitons or 
Sugar loaves, two mountains of a pyramidal form standing on the south side 
of the entrance to the bay of Soufriere ; and its Soiifre or half-extinct volcano, 
within three miles of the same locality. Another peculiarity are the numerous 
reptiles by which the island is infested, among which may be mentioned the 
" rat -tail," a snake of a very venomous character, and a species of boa, called 
" Tete-chien," one of which attracted so much attention some years ago at the 
London Zoological Gardens by swallowing a blanket. 

At the period of its discovery St. Lucia was inhabited by the Caribs, and 
continued in their possession till 1G35, when it was granted by the King of 
France to Messrs. de L' Olive and Duplessis. In 1639 the English formed 
their first settlement, but in the following year the colonists were all murdered 
by the Caribs. 

The British retained possession of St. Lucia till 1802, when it was restored 
to France by the Treaty of Amiens ; but on the renewal of hostilities, it sur- 
rendered on capitulation to General Grinfield on the 22nd June, 1803, since 
which period it has continued without interruption under British rule. 

The appearance of cholera in 1854 spread consternation through the com- 
munity. Its ravages, however, were chiefly confined to the lower classes, and 
to such of the inhabitants of the rural districts as had not a ready access to 
medical aid. The total loss by the disease has been computed at 2,300 souls. 

The introduction of Coolie labourers commenced in 1859, and in that and 
the following year four ships with immigrants landed their cargoes at Port 
Castries. 

By the Census of 1881 the population amounted to 28,135. In 1864 the 
Revenue was £19,205 ; the Expenditure, £18,307 ; the value of Imports, 
£00,363, and Exports, £1]1,;584. The chief articles of Export are sugar, cofi'ee 
and cocoa. The harbour, which is situated on the south-west part of the island, 
is safe and commodious. The town is small and irregular. The trade of the 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 233 

The princixjal article of Export is sugar. Cattle, slieep, goats, liogs, and 
poultry are raised. There is no harbour, nor even a good roadstead. The 
island is a dependency of the Government of Antigua ; the people are very 
poor, and little or no trade is carried on with it. Although in former years 
Montserrat was an island of importance, that importance dwindled away im- 
mediately after the emancipation — the laborers betook themselves to the 
(as they no doubt had heard) El Dorado of the West Indies (Trinidad). The 
population is 7645, (Census 1861). The Revenue in 1864, £3623, the Ex- 
penditure, 3626. The Imports, or value thereof, in 1864 were £17,612, and 
the Exports £19,510. The President is Wm. Eobinson, Esq., and the Chief 
Justice, Sir W. Snagg. 



NEVIS (British). 



This beautiful little islan J is nothing more than a single mountain rising like 
a cone in an easy ascent from the sea. It is situated in 17° 10' N. and 62° 33' 
W. Long. ; the circumference of its base not exceeding eight English leagues. 
It is generally believed that Columbus bestowed on it the appellation of Nieves, 
or the snows, from its resemblance to a mountain of the same name in Spain, 
the top of which is covered with a snow-like appearance, and that it rather 
derived its name from thence. That the island was produced by some volcanic 
explosion there can be no doubt, for there is a hollow or crater near the sum- 
mit, still visible, which contains a hot spring impregnated with sulphur. 
Here extensive bath-houses are established which are resorted to by parties 
from the other islands for the benefit of their health, especially persons 
troubled with rheumatic pains or general debility. A glass of the water 
from these springs has also the effect of a purgative. The island was dis- 
covered by Columbus in 1498, and was colonized by the English in the year 
1628, under the protection and encouragement of Sir Thomas Warner. The 
country is well watered, and the land, in general, fertile, a small proportion 
towards the summit of the island excepted, which answers however for the 
growth of ground provisions, such as yams and other esculent vegetables. The 
staple productions are sugar, mxolasses and rum. Charlestown, the principal 
town, lies along the western shore of a wide bay and the mountain begins to 
rise immediately behind it. 

The island, which is divided into five parishes, is nearly of a circular form ; 
its area about 24,640 acres, of which about 8,000 acres are fit for cultivation ; 
its greatest elevation 3,200 feet above the sea. The average height of the 
thermometer, 82°. 

The climate is v^ery similar to that of St. Kitt's, from which place it is sepa- 
rated by a narrow strait of about two miles in breadth. 

Sugar is the chief product. 

The Government is administered by a President (who is subordinate to the 
Governor-in -Chief at Antigua), assisted by an Executive Council appointed by 



234 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OP 

the Crown. There is a Legislative Council, also nominated by the Crown ; 
and a Representative Assembly, consisting of 15 members, elected by the five 
electoral divisions. A freehold of the annual value of £4 8s. lOd. qualifies a 
registered freeholder to vote at elections. The number of registered electors 
at the last election, in August, 1863, was 483 ; but the voters numbered only 
239. The ordinary duration of an Assembly is one year, and the periods of 
meeting are fixed by the Executive. 

There is also an Administrative Committee, appointed by the Crown from 
the Legislature, that is to say, one member from the Legislative Council, and 
not exceeding two from the House of Assembly. The members of the Admin- 
istrative Committee thus appointed are the official organs of communication 
between the President and the Council and Assembly. The Committee also 
audit the jji-iblic accounts, prepare the annual estimates of ways and means, 
and expenditure of the Colony, and they prepare also all answers and bills 
which the President may desire from time to time to submit for the considera- 
tion of the Legislature. 

Revenue, 1863, £6624 ; Expenditure, 1863, £6496. Imports, 1863, £36,021 ,- 

Exports, 1863, £49,992, Population, Census 1861, 9,822. President, — ^ . 

Chief Justice, H. J. Ross. Colonial Secretary, John A. lies. 



ST. CHRISTOPHER'S (Beitish). 



The island lies in latitude 11° 18' N., and longitude 62° 48' W. The area 
of its main body presents a long oval, from the south-eastern end of which 
runs a narrow neck, gradually expanding into a small knob of land. 

The total length of the island is about 23 miles. The breadth of its main 
body is about five miles ; that of the knob or peninsula is about two miles. 
The breadth of the neck varies from half a mile to a mile. The total area is 
68 square miles. 

The central part of the main body consists of a range of lofty rugged moun- 
tains, which traverses it from south-east to north-west, attaining its greatest 
height at Mount Misery, which is about 4,100 feet above the sea. On the 
south-west side of the island, between the mountains and the sea, but nearer 
the latter, is Brimstone Hill, formerly the seat of the garrison. It is quite 
isolated, nearly conical, and about 750 feet in height. This range of hills des- 
cribes nearly a semicircle forming the spacious and fertile valley or plain, on 
the seaboard of which lies Basseterre, the capital. 

Immediately beyond these hills on the south-east is the narrowest part of 
the neck, which at this point is perfectly flat. But as it expands it rises into 
conical hills, which, covered with grass, prickly mimosas or aloes, traverse the 
knob or peninsula in almost every direction. In one spot, however, the hills 
recede from the sea, forming a basin, within which is a salt-pond about two 
miles in circumference. 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 239 

Ihe formation of the island is evidently volcanic : its physical aspect is 
irregular and picturesque, v^ith conical hills and ridges, which descend from 
a common hase or dorsal ridge 1,800 feet high and 20 miles in length. 

The population amounts to 15,410. In 1864 the Revenue was £8,427 ; the 
Expenditure, £9,946 ; the value of Imports, £49,782 ; the Exports, £56,629. 
The principal articles of Export are sugar, rum, and molasses. The trade of 
the island is very limited. The town is on a considerable rising. The forti- 
fications and barracks are strong, extensive, and commodious, but of little or 
no use. The island is a dependency of the Government of Barbados. The 
harbour (Scaborough) opens to the southward, but few ships are to be seen at 
anchor. The first British Governor was, in 1764, Lieut.-Governor Browne. 
The present Lieut.-Governor is C. H. Kortright. Chief Justice,' H. J. Wood- 
cock. Colonial Secretary, P. Blackwood. 

The produce shipped in 1863 was 2,199 hhds., 1,016 trcs., and 66 half-trcs. 
sugar, 1,080 puns., 44 hhds., and 9 trcs. rum, and 73 puns, molasses. 

' TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS (British). 

These islands were formerly included among the Bahama group, from which 
they were separated in 1848 by Act of the Bahama Legislature. The follow- 
ing is an extract from that Act : — " The Islands of Grand and Salt Cay, to- 
gether with the small islands and Cays immediately adjacent thereto, and 
which, together with the said Islands of Grand and Salt Cay, are commonly 
known and designated as ' The Turks' Islands,' and the Islands and Cays, com- 
monly known and designated as the ' Caicos Islands,' together with all the 
banks and Cays, situate, lying, and being to the eastward of the said Turks' 
Islands and Caicos Islands, and comprised within, or deemed part of, or apper- 
taining to Your Majesty's Bahama Islands, shall cease to be component parts 
of the Bahama Government," &c. 

The Turks and Caicos Islands lie between 21° and 22° N. lat., and 71° and 
72° 30' W. long. 

The Government is administered by a President, who is subordinate to 
the Governor of Jamaica, and a Council composed of nominees and elected 
members. 

By the Census of 1861 the population amounted to 4,372, i.e., 2,128 males 
and 2,244 females. The Revenue, Expenditure, value of Imports and Exports 
in 1864 were: Revenue, £9,990; Expenditure, £10,463; Imports, £70,199; 
Exports, £54,070. The chief article of Export is salt. Aiex. W. Moir is 
President of the islands. A. J. Duncome, Chief Justice. J. J. Mcintosh, 
Colonial Secretary. 

VIRGIN ISLANDS. 



The Virgin Islands were discovered by Columbus in 1493 ; they consist of a 
cluster of rocks ; the largest island in the group belonging to Great Britain is 



240 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL TIE"^ OF 

Tortola, Tvhich is situate in 18° 27' N. lat., and 64° 39' W. long. These is- 
lands, so far as they are British, became so in 1666. 

The Danes also possess some of them ; the more important of which are St. 
Thomas, St. John, and Santa Croix ; whilst the Spaniards lay claim to those 
near Porto Rico. 

A civil government, and courts of justice, were estahlished in the British 
Islands in 1773. 

Like most of the West India Colonies, the Virgin Islands had till lately a 
Legislative Council and House of Assembly ; that is to say, two Legislative 
Chambers ; but in 1854, by a Local Act, a considerable change was effected by 
forming both Chambers into one Legislative Council, of which four members 
are elected and three nominated by the Crown. This Council is presided over 
by an officer appointed by the Crown, and styled, " The President Adminis- 
tering the Government of the Virgin Islands." This officer, who is the head 
of the Executive on the spot, is subordinate to the Govern or-in-Chief of the 
Leeward Islands, resident at Antigua. 

The Revenue, Expenditure, and value of Imports and Exports, in 1864, 
were : Imports, £8,148, and Exports, 12,246 ; the Revenue was £2,110, and 
Expenditure, £2,070. The articles of Export are chiefly sugar and cotton. 
The population in 1861 amomited to a total of 6,051. On one of the Keys 
there is an extensive and excellent copper mine appertaining to the heirs of 
the late John Harragin, of Trinidad. Tortola is the chief town and seat of 
Government. The town is very small and unimportant. The Spaniards gave 
the group its name in honor of the 11,000 Virgins of the Legend. In 1832 
14,999 cwt. of sugar was exported to Great Britain. Sir A. Rumbold, Bart, 
President ; Hon. D. H. O. Gordon, Chief Justice ; and Hon. G. H. A. Porter, 
Colonial Secretary. 



ST. THOMAS (Danish), 
In conjunction with St. Croix were, in April, 1801, taken by the "English, 
but restored a few months after to the Danes ; they were again captured on 
the 21st December, 1807, but were restored to the Danish Government by the 
Treaty of Paris in 1814. St. Thomas has an excellent harbour. In former 
years there were a few sugar estates, but since the emancipation of the slaves 
they have all been abandoned, and the island now exports nothing of its own 
growth or manufacture. The town is built of very substantial and elegant 
houses — on three hills — and forms a pleasant sight on entering the harbour, 
on the east and west points of which there are forts. There is, however, but 
one good street, which is the principal one of business ; an extensive trade 
is carried on, and the flags of all nations are at all times to be seen flying frcm 
the shipping ; the stores are built fire-proof, and each house of business has its 
own wharf. The largest house in the town is that built by the late Mr. Lange, 
a Corsican, who died with considerable wealth. The population is said to be 
30,000. In consequence of this island being a free port, business to a very 



THE ISLA>-I) OF TRIXIDAD. 237 

island is small. There are some very good foi-tifications and barracks which. 
only remain to prove the extent of the military forces that were once there. 
Much of the island is abandoned, at all events, uncultivated. The island is a 
dependency of the Government of Barbados. A grant of the island was ori- 
ginally made by the King of England in 1722 to the Duke of Montague. The 
present Lieut.-Governor or President is J. M. Grant. Chief Justice, J. G. P. 
Athill. The produce shipped from the island in 1863 was 8,725,125 lbs. sugar, 
111,200 galls, molasses, 15,209 galls, rum, and 251,733 lbs. coffee. 



SAINT VIXCENT (British). 

The Island of Saint Vincent was discovered by Columbus on the 22nd of 
January, 1498. It is situated in 13° 10' N. latitude, and 60° 57' AV. longitude, 
at a distance of 21 miles to tiie south-west of St. Lucia. It is 24 miles in 
length, and 18 in breadth, and contains about 85,000 acres of land. Some of 
the Grenadines, a chain of small islands lying between Grenada and St. Vm- 
cent, are comprised within the government of the latter island. The principal 
is Bequia, situated at a distance of 9 miles from the mainland. 

Kingstowm, the capital of St. Vincent, is situated at the bottom of an exten- 
sive bay, at the south-western extremity of the island. It consists of three 
principal streets, each about a mile long, running parallel with the beach, and 
contains a population of 5,000 souls. 

In 1748 St. Vincent was declared neutral by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
In 1756, however, on the renewal of hostilities, it surrendered to Admiral Rod- 
ney and General Monkton ; and by the Treaty of Paris in the following year 
it was ceded to Great Britain, when General Melville was appointed Governor, 

1780 has been rendered memorable by the occurrence of the greatest hurri- 
cane of which there is any record in West Indian annals. It took place on 
the 10th of October of that year, and extended its ravages chiejay to St. Vin- 
cent, Grenada, St. Lucia, and Martinique. The plantations were destroyed, 
the houses thrown down, and the loss of human life in the four islands has 
been computed at upwards of 20,000 souls. 

By the Census of 1881 the population amounted to 31, 7.' 5. The Ptevenue. 
Expenditure, value of Imports and Exports were, in lSb'4 : Eevenue, £20,359 ; 
Expenditure, £19,782; Imijorts, £136,148; Exports, £156,413. The chief 
articles of Export are sugar, rum, molasses, cocoa and some cotton and arrow- 
root. The soil is rich. The harbour opens to the southward. There are 
several forts and barracks, all well built and capable of containing a large 
number of troops. They are at present occupied ; one of the former, by the 
local artillery ; the latter are rented as private residences, and being situated 
on a good height above the town are delightfully cool and pleasant. Of lato 
years the trade with St. Vincent has much decreased. The island had lately 
to deplore the loss of a staunch friend to the countr}' in the person of the late 
Charles Douglas Stewart, a gentleman who was di.'itiiiguiihcd for his bright 



238 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OT 

talents, independent spiiit, and cliaritable disposition. The fii'st English 
Governor was, in 1765, Brigadier- General Robert Melville. The island is a 
dependency of the Government of Barbados. The present Lieut.-Governor is G. 
Berkley. Chief Justice, H. S. Sharp. Colonial Secretary, Edward Laborde. 
The produce shipped from the island in 1863 amounted to 15,737,800 lbs. 
sugar, 120,000 lbs. cocoa, 33,600 lbs. cotton, 149,184 galls, mm, and 1,309,635 
lbs. of arrowroot. 



TOBAGO (Beitish), 

Was discovered in 1498 by Columbus, and was then occupied by Caribs. The 
British flag was first planted on the island in 1580, and the sovereignty regu- 
larly claimed by James I. in 1608. In 1625 an attempt was made by some 
adventurers from Barbados to form a colony ; but many were killed by the 
Carib Indians, and the remaining few escaped and settled at Providence. - In 
1628 a grant of the island was made by Charles I. to the Earl of Pembroke. 
The island remained unoccupied until 1632, when 300 Zealanders were sent 
out by a company of Dutch merchants who styled it New Y^alcheren. After 
a residence of about two years these settlers were all destroyed or expelled by 
the Indians and Spaniards from Trinidad. In 1645 James, Duke of Courland, 
obtained a grant of the island from Charles I., and in 1648 two vessels arrived 
with a number of Courlanders, and settled on the north side of the island. 
These were followed by a second Dutch colony in 1654 ; who, having efiected 
a compromise with the Courlanders, established themselves on the southern 
coast ; but in 1659 the Courlanders were overpowered, and the Dutch remained 
in quiet possession of the whole island until 1662, when the Dutch Company 
resigned their right to it. In this year Cornelius Lampsis procured letters 
patent from Louis the Fom-teenth, creating him Baron of Tobago, and thus 
became proprietor of the island under the Crown of France. 

In 1664 the grant of the island to the Duke of Courland was renewed by 
Charles IL, but its recognition was refused by the Dutch, who were compelled 
to evacuate it in 1677, by the French Admiral Estras, who defeated the Dutch 
Admiral Binks in Scarborough Bay, when Louis the Fourteenth restored it to 
the Duke of Courland, who, in 1681, made over his title to a Company of Lon- 
don merchants; and in 1748, by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, the island was 
declared neutral : the subjects of all European powers were at liberty to fonn 
settlements or carry on commerce, but not to i)lace garrisons on it. At the 
peace in 1763, by the Treaty of Paris, Tobago was ceded by France to Eng- 
land in perpetuity. 

It is the most southerly of the Windward group of the British West India 
Islands, in N. lat. 11° 9', W. long. 60° 12' ; distant from Barbados about 120 
miles, from Grenada about 75 miles, and about 20 N.E. of Trinidad, and ex- 
pands N.E. and S.W. It is 32 miles long and from to 12 broad, and has an 
area of 97 square miles, or 62,080 acres. 



THE ISLAND OF THIXIDAD. 241 

considerable aTnouiit is done ; it is also the head quarters of the Royal Mail 
Steam Packet Company, which in itself brings considerable trade to the is- 
land. There are two Banks : a branch of the Colonial Bank and the St. Thomas 
Bank ; the latter is managed by a Standing Committee, but its Manager is a 
Mr. Aaron Wolff, an old resident of the island, whose judicious manner 
of conducting the establishment has tended to its prosperity. There is also 
a Savings' Bank, managed by a Committee of the principal merchants ; this 
establishment is, however, indebted to the able and energetic exertions of Mr. 
INI. Simmonds, who takes great interest in its affairs. There is much wealth 
among the inhabitants who are all exceedingly hospitable, kind, and attentive. 

ST. CROIX (DAxXIsh). 

Particulars of which have been given in the details of St. Thomas ; it is situ- 
ated south of St. Thomas, and is the chief seat of Government of both islands. 
The soil is rich and produces sugar to a fair extent. Vegetables, fruits, and 
ground provisions are raised in large quantities. It possesses the handsomest 
town in the West Indies. The climate is exceedingly healthy. The trade 
with this island is, however, limited. The inhabitants, like those of St. 
Thomas, are kind and hospitable. Its population is said not to exceed 20,000. 
There is a packet boat that runs daily between it and St. Thomas. The Go- 
vernor of early years, Peter Carl Von Sholten, being a man of extensive know- 
ledge, business-like habits and great taste, did much good for St. Thomas and 
St. Croix ; he died deeply lamented by the inhabitants of both islands. The 
stringency that existed over the Press at St. Thomas and this island having 
been latterly withdrawn by the Government evinces enlightened views — for 
the liberty of the Press is the bulwark of freedom. 



GUIANA. 



This extensive country is divided among the Portuguese, French, Dutch, 
English and Venezuelan Governments. Portuguese Guiana is imperfectly 
known ; it extends 900 miles from east to west, but it is not proportionally 
broad. iSIontalergre is a considerable town in the Eastern Division. The 
country is fertile, but not extensively cultivated. The clove tree prospers in 
this country. 

French Guiana extends 300 miles north of the Portuguese Division. It was 
colonized by the French in 1693. Taken by the English on 1st January, 1809, 
but restored. It is not healthy, and the soil is poor ; it produces cotton. Ca- 
yenne may now be termed a penal settlement for French convicts. 

Dutch Guiana includes Surinam. The chief town is Paramaribo. The popu- 
lation is stated to amount to 20,000 souls. It stands on the Surinam river. 
The climate is healthy. The chief products are cotton, coffee, sugar, tobacco, 
and dyeing drugs. All the towns and forts were taken by the English in 
1804, but were returned by the Treaty that closed the war. 



242 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW Of 

SANTO DOMINGO (Republic). 



The Hespauiola of Columbus was discovered by that great navigator in 1492. 
It was for a long time possessed by the Spaniards alone, but the Treaty of 
Ryswick gave an establishment to the French. The town is the most ancient 
in all the New World ; it was built by Europeans and founded by Bartho- 
lomew Columbus in 1504. In 1793 the blacks revolted and massacred an ex- 
tensive number of whites. An African who assumed the French name of 
Toussaint L'Ouverture was elected to the chief command of the negroes. 
The other chiefs were Christophe, an escaped slave from the island of St. 
Christopher, and Dessalines; but after the death of the latter, Christophe 
assumed the title of king, but he was afterwards followed by Boyer, wha 
raised himself to the chief power under the title of President, and who, in 
1825, purchased of the French king for £6,250,000 sterling a renunciation of 
all claims to the sovereignty of the island. It is now divided between the 
Spanish and French Creoles. The eastern portion retains the ancient 
name of St. Domingo ; the western portion, Haytien Government ; in this 
latter Port-au-Prince is the principal city ; Santiago being that of the former; 
the di\dsion line is said to be from the river Nieva. Hayti is at jiresent under 
the rule of President Geffrard, a black man of superior education and acquire- 
ments. St. Domingo, on the other hand, owing to the traitor Santana, is 
at present defending its rights from an attack of the Spaniards. The island 
lies in Latitude 18° 20' North and Longitude 70° West. Its superficial con- 
tents in square miles is 36,000. The soil is very rich, it produces cocoa, cofi^ee, 
sugar, cotton, and tobacco. Timber and dye-woods of the most valuable kinds 
are also exported. Silver and gold were formerly discovered on the small 
island of Alta Vela, on the south side ; and, under the jurisdiction of Geffrard, 
large quantities of guano have lately been exported to the United States, prin- 
cipally to Baltimore. The French designated this island as " La Reine des 
Antilles." 

In the beginning of 1790 the colony contained 431 plantations of clayed 
sugar, 362 plantations of muscovado, total: 793 plantations of sugar; 3,117 
plantations of coffee, 789 plantations of cotton, 3,160 plantations of indigo, 
54 plantations of cocoa, and 623 smaller settlements, chiefly for raising grains^ 
yams, and other vegetable food, making 8,536 establishments throughout the 
colony. The population in 1790, on a like summary, appears to have been 
30,831 whites of both sexes (exclusive of European troojDS and sea-faring peo- 
ple), 24,000 free people of colour, 434,429 plantation slaves, and 46,000 domes- 
tic and mechanic slaves. The average exports from the French part of St. 
Domingo, before the revolution, was : clayed sugar, 58,642,214 lbs. ; muscovado 
do., 86,549,829 lbs. ; coffee, 71,663,187 lbs. ; cotton, 6,698,858 lbs. ; indigo, 
951,607 hhds. ; molasses, 23,061 hhds. ; an inferior sort of rum called tafl&a^ 
2,600 hhds. ; raw hides, 6,500 ; and tanned do., 7,900. The total value at the 
ports of shipping, in livrcs of St. Domingo, was 171,544,666, being equal to 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 243 

£4,956,780 sterling. The average pound's weight of muscoYado sugar for each 
carreau in canes was 7,500 lbs. each, to which add 8J per cent, for the dif- 
ference between the English and French weights, the total is 8,137 lbs. for 
every 3 acres English, or 2,712 lbs. per acre. 



ST. BARTHOLOMEW (Swedish), 

Lies about 12 miles North-east of St. Kitts. The French resigned it to the 
Swedes in 1785. It is small and sterile. There are no exports. The inhabi- 
tants, who are few, are very poor. Fishing and the making of straw hats is 
their principal avocation. During the last war it was a place of resort for 
privateers. Even the clergyman (a JNIr. Audain), that then existed, is said to 
have taken part in the work of the prizes. The harbour is safe. 



ST. MARTIN (French and Dutch). 



St. Martin is in the joint occupation of the French and Dutch. The town 
of Marigot is situated in the French quarter of the island ; and the town of 
Philipsburgh in the Dutch quarter. It was taken by the English on the 16th 
February, 1810, and restored by the Treaty of Paris. It produces some small 
quantity of sugar and salt. The trade is limited to small crafts. It is a few 
hours' sail from St. Bartholomew. 



ST. EUSTATIA (Dutch), 

Lies three leagues North-west of St. Kitts. It appertains to the Netherlands, 
and produces some small quantity of sugar and tobacco. The inhabitants are 
few and very poor; they rear hogs, goats, and poultry in abundance. The 
population barely exceeds 3,000. In former years St. Eustatia was considered 
a great place of trade, and there were many very wealthy inhabitants, and, 
no doubt, if attention were paid to it and immigration encouraged, it would 
again assume its former standinof. 



SABA (Swedish), 

Is a small island lying South-west of St. Eustatia. It also appertains to the 
Swedes. The town, which is exceedingly small, is built on the summit of the 
hill. There is no harbour. It produces vegetables and ground provisions ; 
and very excellent small crafts are built there. Its total population, it is 
asserted, does not exceed 2,000. 



MARTINIQUE (French), 

Lies about 120 miles North-west of Barbados. It was discovered by Columbus 
on 12th June, 1502. The principal product is sugar. The fruits are various 
and very fine. In 1775 the island was added to the British Empire, but it was 
given back at the Treaty of Peace. It was, however, again taken in 1794, but 
restored to France by the Treaty of Amiens. The principal town and port of 



244 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

entry is St. Pierre. Fort-de-France, which lies to the eastward of St. Pierre, 
is the seat of Government. The town is built on a hill, and the houses are 
extremely near to each other. It is an extensive place of trade and well 
populated. The soil is not very fertile. There are several well-built public 
buildings, as also, private dwellings. It is well garrisoned. Many fancy 
articles are made in wax by women in poor circumstances. The inhabitants 
are kind and hospitable. The harbour opens to the southward. The water is 
very deep. There are no quays, but a beach extending to the entire length of 
the bay. The superficial contents of the island in square miles is stated to be 
260. It lies in Latitude 14° 44' North, and Longitude 61° 16' West. It is 
one of the stations at which the Royal JNIail Steamer touches to land and 
receive mails and passengers. Fort-du-France is also the head-quarters of the 
French line of steamers from Saint Nazaire, and one of its branch steamers 
runs between St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, and Trinidad, returning by the 
same route twice a month. 

Martinique, Sept. 30, 1865. 

The crop shipi3ed up to date, is given in the subjoined table, showing a large 
increase this year over last year's exports : — 

1865. 1864. Excess. 

Sugar 24,252,472 21,260,612 2,991,860 

Bum 2,952,158 2,608,674 343,484 

Coffee 42,209 9,112 33,097 

Cotton 34,691 9,660 25,031 

Cocoa 206,728 209,411 2,683 

Logwood 329,610 561,695 232,086 



GUADELOUPE (French). 



This island is about 75 miles South-east of Antigua. The exports may be 
said to be confined to sugar and molasses. In 1759 it was reduced by the 
British arms, but was again given back in 1763. It was captured in 1794, 
but evacuated a few months after. When it had fallen into the hands of the 
British during the last war, it was transferred to the Swedes in return for 
their accession to the grand confederacy against France, and when it was 
deemed expedient to conciliate the French by a restoration of their principal 
colonies. Great Britain gave the Swedes £1,000,000 sterling that they might 
be induced to relinquish the island with a good grace. There are two very 
good towns and ports of entry, namely : Pointe-a-Pitre and Basseterre. The 
commerce of the island is not so great as that of Martinique. The island has 
suffered very much at different periods from severe earthquakes. It lies in 
Latitude 15° 59' North, and Longitude 61° 41' West. It is also one of the 
stations at which the lloyal Mail Steamers touch to land and receive pas- 
sengers and letters. 



I 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 24-5 

COLOMBIA (Venezuela), 
Is said to be in length 1,3U0 miles, and in breadth 1,050 miles. The total ex- 
tent in square miles being estimated at 600,000. It lies between 3-30° South 
and 12° North Latitude, and 60° 80' West Longitude. It is bounded on the 
North by the Caribbean Sea and extends so far to the North-west as to include 
Veragua, which is properly a part of North America ; on the South it is 
bounded by the Amazon river and Guiana ; on the South-west by Peru ; and on 
the North-east by the Atlantic. It consists of three divisions, Venezuela, New 
Grenada and Quito, in which are 12 departments subdivided into 38 provinces. 
The Lanos or plains extend over immense spaces with a general uniformity of 
level — in some parts for 30 square leagues. The principal bays are Panama, 
St, Michael, Porto Bello, the gulf of Darien, Carthagena, and the gulf of 
Maracaibo, or Venezuela. The great river Orinoco rises in the eastern divi- 
sion of this State and runs to the westward until joined by the Guaviare ; it 
then runs North, meets the Apure and takes an eastern direction to the sea 
for more than 700 miles from its mouth ; its course is lengthened by its wind- 
ings to 1,250 miles. Angostura is situated on the banks of this river. It is a 
place of considerable trade, with a well-built town. It is also the depot for 
a large trade with Apure. The population is extensive, and there is con- 
siderable wealth among the inhabitants. A British steamer, the Albion, 
runs once a month between Angostura and Trinidad — she principally brings 
cattle for the contractors of beef for the troops stationed in Trinidad. Gerold 
and Urich are the contractors. The country possesses several mines of gold, 
silver, and copper, of the latter that of Aroa have been worked with effect. 
The climate is generally warm ; but in the interior there is a greater variety of 
climate. There are many towns and ports of entry ; those of principal note 
are La Guayra, Caraccas, Victoria, Puerto Cabello, Cumana, St. Martha, Bar- 
celona, added to which is Angostura, already mentioned. La Guayra is the 
port of entry of Caraccas ; the latter is the principal seat of Government and 
there resides the President of Venezuela, and Congress meets. The climate 
of Caraccas is exceedingly mild, at times very cool. European fruits are 
here raised. The soil of Colombia, or Venezuela, is remarkably rich and 
fruitful. The principal articles of export are cocoa, indigo, coffee, tobacco, 
cotton, hides, cattle, horses, mules, dye-woods, starch, timber, &c., &c. The 
Lake of Maracaibo, in the province of that name, is a sea of fresh water nearly 
circular and about 90 miles in diameter. As its shores are unhealthy the 
natives build their huts upon stakes of hardwood, whence arose the name of 
Venezuela, or little Venice. The Lake is navigable even for large vessels, 
and the Sulia and many other rivers convey to it the products of the interior. 
After the discovery of Cumana, in the third voyage of Columbus, the northern 
part of South America remained long unexplored, or, at least, uncolonized ; 
but in 1536 Sebastian de Benalcazar and Gouzalo de Quesada took possession 
of the country about the Lake of Maracaibo. The whole colony remained 
under the Spanish yoke ; the people, however, were discontented, but did not 



246 HISTOBICAL AInD STATISTICAL VIEW OF 

seriously endeavour to shake off before the present century. Mii-anda, a native 
of Caraccas, projected a scheme of revolt ; he landed with a small party of 
Colonial exiles on the coast of Coro and endeavoured to rouse the provincials 
to action — the attempt rather exposed him to ridicule than the Government to 
danger. After the invasion of Spain by the French, the Colonists remained 
quiet until they were insulted by the Cortes, and then they organized a Eepub- 
lican Government in 1811, under the appellation of the Confederate Provinces 
of Venezuela. The revolution was arrested in 1812, caused, it is asserted, by 
the great earthquake that took place on the 28th March of that year, and the 
Royalists recovered their sway. Miranda was sent to Cadiz, where he died in 
confinement, while the brave Bolivar escaped, as this was only a suspension, 
not an extinction, of the popular spirit. Bolivar having procured a military 
force from the zeal of a Congress which had been formed in the territory of 
New Grenada boldly re-erected in 1813 the revolutionary standard. After 
several undecisive conflicts he was invested with the chief command of all the 
forces of Venezuela. He was, however, twice defeated with great loss : he 
retreated from the scene of hostility. ^Tien Ferdinand was restored to his 
throne he endeavoured to conciliate the revolters, but as he merely promised 
an amnesty without any thought of placing them on a par with native Span- 
iards, they resolved to oppose him with redoubled energy. To Morillo, Fer- 
dinand principally trusted for the re-establishment of his authority, and if 
cruelty could have achieved that object, the choice was such as a tyrant's 
friend might be disposed to approve. The new General took Cai'thagena, 
marked his route to Santa Fe with slaughter and devastation and restored 
the Royal authority in New Grenada. He then harrassed the Republicans in 
Venezuela until he was brought to a general engagement by Bolivar on the 
7th of August, 1819, at Boyaca, where his troops were totally routed. On 
this occasion a battalion of British Subjects, headed by Colonel McGregor, 
fought with such courage and alacrity as to entitle them to the gratitude of all 
the votaries of independence. Venezuela should, therefore, be always gratefal 
to Englishmen. The Royalists being still unsubdued, Bolivar again (assisted 
by Englishmen) encountered them, and was again most successful in conse- 
quence of the daring courage and vahant behaviour of the English. He 
proved victorious in the field of Carabobo in 1821, and the cause which he 
supported was pronounced triumphant. To the new Republic the temtory 
of Quito was added in 1822, in consequence of the battle of Pichincha, and 
the whole country that was rescued from the Spanish yoke received, for an 
obvious reason, the appellation of Colombia. In defiance of the remonstrances 
of Ferdinand it was acknowledged as an independent State by Great Britain, 
and the commerce which had been allowed to that nation during the long 
contest was sanctioned and extended by a regular Commercial Treaty. Vene- 
zuela has, however, from time to time suffered much in her commerce and 
civilization, in consequence of very frequent civil wars. Could theii' differ- 
ences be adjusted on a sound and comprehensive basis so as to ensm-e future 



THE ISLAND OF THINIDAD. 247 

peace, it would be the richest country in these seas j its resources are un» 
bounded ; it has everything that can possibly make it an enviable country to 
possess, but unfortunately the people are a dissatisfied set, whilst there is a 
want of enlightened-minded men to manage the public afi'airs. Of the many 
small seaports in Venezuela to none can better be given the name of the Vene- 
zuelean " Boulogne" than (a small seaport town within the gulf of Paria, or 
" Gulfo Triste," as called by the Spaniards) Guiria, a place to which gentlemen 
who frequently take French leave of their creditors in Trinidad resort, it 
being merely eight or ten hours' run from Trinidad, and frequently reached 
in an open boat. To this place also many of the Coolies of Trinidad find 
their way. 



MARGARITA (Venezuela), 

Is a dependency of Venezuela, and lies in a North-west direction from the 
island of Trinidad, distant about 80 to 90 miles. It is barren, but the inhabi- 
tants rear a large quantity of hogs, goats, sheep, and poultry, which are taken 
to Trinidad where ready sale is met with. The island also produces some salt. 
In former years an extensive trade in the pearl- fishing was carried on, but 
this has now almost ceased. There are two ports of entry, the principal 
one is Juan Griego. 



BON AIR AND ORUBA (Dutch). 



The former lies to the North-east, the latter to the North-west of Cura9oa, 
and are dependencies of that island ; they are not of any considerable extent. 
The principal article exported is salt. Asses are reared by the few inhabitants 
that reside thereon. 



MARIGALANTE (French), 

Is a small low island lying between Dominica and Guadeloupe. It is a 
dependency of the latter island. Little or no products are there raised. It is 
principally resorted to by fishermen. It has lately sufi'ered very much from 
earthquakes, fires, and cholera. 



GUATAMALA, OR, CENTRAL AMERICA, 

Lies in 10° and 17' North Latitude, and 84° and 94' West Longitude. Its 
length is 650 miles, and its breadth 450 miles. In square miles the extent i» 
95,000. The territories of this New Republic are bounded on the West by the 
Province of Vera Cruz, on the North by Yucatan and the Gulf of Mexico, on 
the East by the same Gulf, and on the South by the Pacific Ocean, and, at tho 
South-eastern extremity, by the isthmus which connects North with South 
America, or by the frontiers of the Colombian State. The population is esti- 



24.3 msTor.iCAL and statistical view of 

mated at 2,000,000. The most populous is that of the Province of San Salva- 
dor, in which it is said 200,000 persons reside. The old City of Guatamala 
was greatly damaged by an earthquake in 1773. The climate is warm, and in 
some parts so humid as to be insalubrious. The soil is very fertile and the 
products numerous. The province of La Costa Rica abounds with mines of 
gold, silver, and copper. The chief articles of export are cocoa, indigo, 
tobacco, hides, some sugar, rich balsams, various gums, and a variety of the 
very best timber and fancy woods. The province of Comayagua, or Hon- 
duras, is that part of the American Continent on which the Spaniards first 
landed. Between this province and that of Nicaragua are several districts 
peopled by the descendants of the original natives, and known by the appella- 
tion of the Mosquito Shore. The English long exercised some authority over 
these tribes for commercial purposes; but in 1786 Great Britain consented to 
abstain from exercise of power in those parts. 

CUBA (Spanish), 
Was conquered by Velasquez in 1511 ; it lies in Latitude 23° 8' North, 
and Longitude 82° 22' West ; it is about 605 miles in length and 117 miles 
in breadth ; its total area is about 31,500 square miles. The climate is 
delightful. The soil, although rich, is various in qualities, and there is an 
extent of swampy marshes and rocks. The principal articles of export are 
sugar, rum, molasses, coffee, tobacco, mais, aloes, honey, cassia, mastic, wax, 
and timber. The population, in 1827, was estimated at 900,000. In 1828 
the total amount of Imports and Exports were : Imports, $19,554,922, and 
Exports, $13,114,365. The amount of Tonnage entered and cleared in the 
same year was: entered, 157,146 tons; cleared, 150,679 tons. In 1827 the 
total quantity of sugar exported from all the ports of Cuba was 156,158,924 lbs., 
and the total quantity of coffee 50,039,581 lbs. Havana is the chief port 
and seat of Government. The harbour is, with the exception of that of 
the island of Trinidad, the finest in the West Indies ; it is capable of accom- 
modating 1,000 large ships. Vessels of the greatest draught of water can come 
alongside the quays. The city lies to and on the West side of the bay. The 
Moro and Punta Castles, the former on the East, the latter on the West side 
of the entrance of the harbour, are strongly fortified as is the entire city. 
The arsenal and dock-yards lie on the western angle of the bay. The streets 
of Havana are narrow, filthy and inconvenient ; in the suburbs they are, how- 
ever, better. The inhabitants are kind, very gay, and fond of continual 
amusements. There is an excellent theatre and "-Paseo," both named after 
the best Governor-General Cuba has ever had, and that was General Tacon, 
to whom Cuba owes much for the many improvements it now enjoys, as also, 
for the able Police Regulations. The other towns and ports are Matanzas, 
St. Jago, Trinidad, Cienfuegos, Remedios, Nuevitas, Manzanilla, and Xagud. 
In 1824 and 1825 a small seaport town on the South side of Havana called 
Batavanoa was a great place for jnrates, but these, by the able and indefatiga- 



THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 249 

ble exertions of Lieut. Hobson, of H. M. Schooner Lyon, were dispersed; 
many of their necks were stretched at the yard arm. In 1864 the exports of 
Cienfuegos alone were 69,406 hhds., 8,234 trcs., and 1844 brls. sugar ; 6,496 
boxes clayed sugar; 31,439 hhds., 8,083 trcs., and 2,540 hhds. molasses; 1,352 
trcs. and 141 brls. honey; 42 puns, rum; 1,822 pieces satin wood; 1,286 
pieces mahogany, and 889 pieces cedar. This will be sufficient to prove the 
extensive strides which Cuba has made within the last 25 years, or, it may be 
properly said, since the emancipation of the slaves in the British Colonies. A 
further proof is given by the fact that in 1840 few, if any, sugar estates existed 
at Cienfuegos. 

The following contains some further statements regarding the industrial posi- 
tion of the island of Cuba : — 

"The census of 1862, which served to verify one made the previous year* 
gives the following results : — 

Population. 1846. 1862. 

White 425,787 * 764,730 

Coloured, free 149,226 f 225,938 

Ditto, slave 323,759 368,550 



In 1861 1,629 

In 1862 1,866 



898,752 1,359,238 

" Slaves who obtained their liberty either by purchase or by gift of their 
masters were : — 

In 1858 2,056 

In 1859 .-,. 1,992 

In 1860 1.919 

9,462 
Many slaves besides are liberated every year by private document. In the 
Southern States of the American Union, with a slave population of 3,204,313, 
the number who were liberated in 1 850, according to the census of that year, 
was only 1,467. 

" With regard to births and deaths the figures are : — 

Births in 1862. Deaths in 1862. 

White 27,778 17,580 

Coloured, free 8,122 6,363 

Ditto, slavel 8,739 9,089 

" And the following is a statement of the increase of production : — 

1846. 1862. 

Sugar arobas 17,729,589 41,418,444 

Coffee , 1,470,754 741,542 

Tobacco cargas 168,064 30.5,626 

Indian Corn fanegas 942,491 2,179,724 

Kice arobas 929,858 1,747,474 

Wax , ... „ 32,326 68,420 



" * Excluding the army and navy and other transient population, but inclu- 
ding 34,050 Chinese, of whom there were none, or scarcely any, in 1846. 

" t Including 4,521 Africans captured on the island undergoing apprenticeship. 

" X Many children of slaves are registered as free, their liberty being obtained 
by gift of the masters, or by payment of $25 before birth." — Times, Sej^)tr. 16. 



250 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 

PUERTO RICO (Spanish), 
Was reduced under the Spanish yoke by Ponce de Leon in 1509 ; was taken 
some time after by Sir Francis Drake, and afterwards by the Earl of Cumber- 
land, but not retained ; it lies in Lat. 18° 29' N., and Long. 66° 13' W. ; it is 
115 miles in length and 35 miles in breadth ; containing an area of 4,140 square 
miles ; the surface is pleasantly diversified with hills and valleys, and the soil 
generally fertile. The population in 1827 was 288,473, of which 28,408 
were slaves. The value of the imports and exports in 1830 were: Imports, 
$2,208,941; Exports, $3,411,845. The number of tons of vessels of all des- 
criptions being 58,526. The quantity and articles exported in 1830 were : 
cotton, 4,978 quintals; sugar, 340,163 quintals; coflPee, 169,119 quintals; mo- 
lasses, 2,484,739 quarts; rum, 873 puns.; tobacco, 34.,902 quintals; horses, 
cattle, &c., to the value of $202,203. The Customs' duties collected in the 
same year amounted to $584,990. The principal city is San Juan ; the har- 
bour of San Juan's is extensive and similar to that of Havana ; the fortifi- 
cations are very imposing and extensive. The other towns and ports of entry 
are Mayaguez, Ponce, Aguadilla, Guanabo, Caborojo, and Faxardo ; with all 
of which there is an extensive trade with Europe, the United States, South 
America, St. Thomas, and some other of the West India Islands. A large 
proportion of the free inhabitants are coloured, but the law knows no distinc- 
tion between the white and the coloured roturier ; a circumstance which has 
prevented the growth of the prejudices and antipathies that prevail in the 
British and French West India Islands. The oxen raised in Puerto Rico are 
the finest of any in the West Indies ; whilst also the ponies stand superior to 
any other to be met with anywhere ; they are handsome, swift, hardy, and 
very easy to ride. Men of all nations and creeds are to be found all over 
Puerto Rico, although the only religion allowed is that of the church of Rome. 
The inhabitants are very hospitable, full of life, and consequently, fond of 
amusements. The towns, many of which are extensive, are not laid out with 
any great regularity. The British Vice-Consul at Ponce, Daniel de Ba- 
santa. Esquire, is a native of Trinidad ; his father (Don Valentin de Basanta) 
was a Captain in the Spanish Navy, who, soon after the capitulation, set- 
tled in the island. 



CURACOA (Dutch), 
Appertains to the Dutch, or Netherlands. The island is barren and depen- 
dent on the rains for water. The harbour is small but good. The town, 
which is divided by the harbour, is well built of excellent and well-finished 
houses. The island has no exports of its own growth or manufacture. The 
chief articles of export are salt, asses, goats, sheep, and hogs. There is a con- 
siderable trade with this island, particularly from Venezuela and St. Thomas. 
Curaf;oa was captured on 1st January, 1807, by the English, but immediately 
given up. Men of all nations are to be met with, and the patois of the lower 
orders is most harsh and barbarous to the ear. 

The End. 



